Exam 2: Ch 6-12

Front 1

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to

Back 1

bipolar cells

Front 2

The bipolar cells in the human retina send their messages to

Back 2

ganglion cells

Front 3

Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are know as

Back 3

amacrine cells

Front 4

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

Back 4

ganglion cells

Front 5

Magnocellular ganglion cells transmit information about an object's color

Back 5

false

Front 6

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of that

Back 6

thalamus

Front 7

Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with

Back 7

reaching out to grasp an object

Front 8

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex?

Back 8

whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location

Front 9

Researchers produced a kitten that could see stationary objects, but was blind to moving stimuli, by:

Back 9

raising the kitten in an environment illuminated only by a strobe light

Front 10

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that:

Back 10

hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

Front 11

Suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. Under what circumstances will that limit change?

Back 11

It drops naturally as you grow older

Front 12

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes?

Back 12

hair cells to displace

Front 13

Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area. This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception?

Back 13

place theory:

Front 14

The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells:

Back 14

near the base of the membrane

Front 15

A sound shadow refers to:

Back 15

how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound

Front 16

Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?

Back 16

frequency

Front 17

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the:

Back 17

emotion areas of the brain

Front 18

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ______. A more intense pain also releases _______.

Back 18

glutamate, substance P

Front 19

The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they:

Back 19

block the release of substance P

Front 20

The miracle of Miracle berries appears to come from their action on human sour receptors

Back 20

False

Front 21

People with damage to the posterior parietal cortex:

Back 21

will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it

Front 22

Neurons important for imitating others were originally found (in a monkey) in which brain area?

Back 22

premotor cortex (preparation)

Front 23

When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle s to:

Back 23

always contract

Front 24

Myasthenia gravis is caused by:

Back 24

damage to acetycholine receptors at neuromuscular juctions

Front 25

A muscle spindle responds to the:

Back 25

stretch of the muscle

Front 26

Children with _______ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror neurons.

Back 26

autism

Front 27

Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that:

Back 27

brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision

Front 28

The number of Purkinje cells activated determines the _______ of the resulting movement

Back 28

during

Front 29

Cigarette smoking and coffee drinking ______ the risk Parkinson's disease, and marijuana ______ the risk

Back 29

decrease, increases

Front 30

A loss of dopamine activity leads to ______ stimulation of the motor cortex and _______ onset of movements

Back 30

less; slower

Front 31

Which of the following is TRUE of Huntington's disease?

Back 31

the earlier the onset, the more rapid the deterioration

Front 32

The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the diease but also:

Back 32

the approximate age of onset

Front 33

A "Zeigeber" is a(n):

Back 33

environmental cue that resets a biological clock

Front 34

When traveling across times zones, adjustments are easier when traveling which direction?

Back 34

to the west

Front 35

When fetal hamster SCN tissue was transplanted, the adult recipients' biological clocks:

Back 35

began producing rhythm consistent with that of a donor

Front 36

The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, is transduced by:

Back 36

ganglion cells

Front 37

Why will taking a melatonin pill in the evening have little effect on sleepiness (unless maybe you live in AK and it's summer)?

Back 37

the pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway

Front 38

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?

Back 38

stage 2

Front 39

It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from:

Back 39

acting out our dreams

Front 40

Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of some aspects of REM sleep into wakefulness?

Back 40

narcolepsy

Front 41

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of narcolepsy?

Back 41

involuntary movements of the libs during sleep

Front 42

If you were to damage the lateral medial hypothalamus, you would expect that your subject would:

Back 42

refuse to eat at all

Front 43

If you were to damage the ventromedial hypothalamus, that rat would probably:

Back 43

gain a great deal of weight

Front 44

Damaging the PVN might cause a rat to:

Back 44

eat so much it damages its own stomach

Front 45

After an increase in the solute concentrations in the body, you will experience:

Back 45

osmotic thirst

Front 46

The areas around the third ventricle can detect chemicals circulating in the blood because:

Back 46

these areas are not well protected by a blood-brain barrier

Front 47

Aldosterone triggers:

Back 47

an increased preference for salty tastes

Front 48

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

Back 48

CCK

Front 49

Which of the following would lead to eating a larger than normal meal?

Back 49

increasing NPY levels

Front 50

What causes the primitive gonads to develop into testes?

Back 50

the sex region Y (SRY) gene

Front 51

Genitals for males and females develop from _____; internal reproductive structures develop from _______.

Back 51

a single unisex structure; separate structures

Front 52

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in

Back 52

a genetic female having partially masculinized external genitals

Front 53

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases:

Back 53

too little cortisol

Front 54

When Simon LeVay examined interstitial nucleus 3 (INAH-3) in 41 people who had died, he found that in the homosexual males in his sample, this nucleus was:

Back 54

comparable in size to the heterosexual females

Front 55

The area that is activated by feeling disgusted is the same area of the brain responsible for:

Back 55

taste

Front 56

If a monkey with low serotonin turnover survives, he is more likely to:

Back 56

have dominant status

Front 57

Why do some people suspect that a diet high in corn may lead to an increase in aggressive behavior?

Back 57

Corn is low in tryptophan and high in phenylalanine

Front 58

Women who receive testosterone injections prior to viewing facial expressions are significantly better at reporting angry faces quickly compared to women receiving placebo injections

Back 58

False