Ch 14. Ap Biology

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Trait

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Any detectable variation in a genetic character

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Consanguinity

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relationship by descent from a common ancestor

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true breeding

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referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

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Hybridization

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in genetics, the mating or crossing of two true breeding varieties

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Monohybrid cross

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the offspring of individuals that differ with respect to a particular gene pair

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P generation

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law of segregation principle of heredity cross pollination independent

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F1 generation

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principle of heredity hybrid offspring cross pollination independent assortment.

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alleles

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any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation.

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dominant allele

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an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different

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recessive allele

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an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical

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law of segregation

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the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.

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law of independent assortment

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the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.

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homozygous

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having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.

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heterozygous

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having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic.

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genotype

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the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.

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polygenic inheritance

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the heredity of complex characters that are determined by a large number of genes, each one usually having a relatively small effect.

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dihybrid cross

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hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

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incomplete dominance

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the appearance in a heterozygote of a trait that is intermediate between either of the trait's homozygous phenotypes.

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complete dominance

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(Blank)

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codominance

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Genetics . of or pertaining to two different alleles that are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.

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multiple alleles

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a series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene, only two of which can exist in any normal, diploid individual.

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epistasis

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a form of interaction between nonallelic genes in which one combination of such genes has a dominant effect over other combinations.

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testcross

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a genetic test for heterozygosity in which an organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed to an organism recessive for all markers in question.

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carriers

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an individual possessing a specified gene and capable of transmitting it to offspring but not expressing or only weakly expressing its phenotype

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pleiotropy

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the phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristic.

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phenotype

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the observable constitution of an organism.

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F2 generation

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the generation produced by interbreeding individuals of an F 1 generation and consisting of individuals that exhibit the result of recombination and segregation of genes controlling traits for which stocks of the P 1 generation differ called also second filial generation

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pedigree

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an ancestral line; line of descent; lineage; ancestry.