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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone |
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insight |
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy-based solutions |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
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fixation |
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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functional fixedness |
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
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representative heuristic |
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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belief bias |
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
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belief perserverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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phoneme |
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may ne a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |
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grammar |
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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semantics |
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning |
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syntax |
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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babbling stage |
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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one-word stage |
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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two- word stage |
beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
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telegraphic speech |
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (ex: "go car") using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words |
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linguistic determinism |
whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
