Ch. 1 & Ch. 2 Study Guide

Front 1

Define Psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental process

Front 2

Who was the founder of psychnalisis

Back 2

Sigmund feud

Front 3

Define key ideas of Psychonalisis

Back 3

Personality theory and form of psychotherapy the emphasis is the roles of unconscious factors is personality and behaviors

Front 4

Three Scientists in the development of behaviorism

Back 4

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Front 5

What are Behaviorisms structures and goals?

Back 5

Behaviorism is a school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. Behaviorism focused strictly on overt behavior - observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified.

Front 6

Identify two advocates of humanistic psychology

Back 6

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Front 7

how does humanistic psychology differs from behaviorism and psychoanalysis?

Back 7

Humanistic Psychology is a school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self direction. It differs from psychoanalysis and behaviorism is its emphasis on self determination, free will, and importance of choice.

Front 8

The Biological Perspective

Back 8

emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and brain.

Front 9

Psychodynamic Perspective

Back 9

emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems.

Front 10

Behavioral Perspective

Back 10

Emphasizes how behavioral is acquired or modified by environmental causes, behavioral perspective in explaining and treating psychological disorders.

Front 11

Humanistic Perspective

Back 11

ocuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person’s self concept, and the importance of choice and self direction in striving to reach ones full potential

Front 12

Positive Psychology Perspective

Back 12

Field of psychology focusing on the study of positive emotions and psychological states, Positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster those qualities in individuals and communities. ie. personal happiness, optimism creativity, resilience, character strengths, and wisdom.

Front 13

Cognitive Perspective

Back 13

focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems and think.

Front 14

Cross Cultural Perspective

Back 14

Studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes

Front 15

Evolutionary Perspective

Back 15

proposes that the individual members of a species compete for survival. The application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, and explaining the psychological processes and phenomenas.

Front 16

How do clinical psychologists differ from psychiatrist, and how are they similar?

Back 16

Similarities: both are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and preventions of psychological disorders.

Differences: Clinical Psychologists receives leads to a doctorate in clinical psychology, either a Ph.D or PSy.D and have extensive training in different types of psychotherapy. Cannot treat symptoms. Psychiatry is a medical specialty. They obtain a medical degree M.D or D.O followed by years of specialized training for mental disorders. Psychiatrists emphasize biological factors in psychological disorders. They can also treat symptoms.

Front 17

List and describe the four goals of psychology.

Back 17

Describe, explain, predict, and control

Front 18

Describe the scientific method

Back 18

A Scientific Method is a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and drawing conclusions.

Front 19

What is a theory?

Back 19

a theory is a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations.

Front 20

Define descriptive research methods.

Back 20

strategies for observing and describing behavior. using descriptive methods researches can answer important questions such as when certain behaviors take place, how often they occur, and whether they are related to other facts such as a persons age ethnic group or education level.

Front 21

Describe naturalistic observation

Back 21

when psychologists observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings.

Front 22

Describe case studies

Back 22

an intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual, a family, or some other social unit.

Front 23

Describe survey research.

Back 23

surveys are when people respond to a structured set of questions about their experiences, beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. information can be gathered by larger groups of people.

Front 24

Explain the difference between positive and negative correlations, and describe the functions and limitations of correlational research.

Back 24

A positive correlation is finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction. increasing or decreasing together. Negative correlation is a finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases. Correlation does not necessarily indicate casualty. a correlation only tells you that two factors seem to be related or that they co vary in a systematic way. although two factors may be very strongly correlated, correlation studies cannot be used to demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship.

Front 25

Define the experimental method

Back 25

Research method used to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable.

Front 26

What is a hypothesis?

Back 26

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A testable prediction or question.

Front 27

Describe and identify the independent variable and dependent variable

Back 27

Independent variable is a purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment, also called the treatment variable. The dependent variable is a factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment. Thought to be influenced by the independent variable, also called the outcome variable.

Front 28

How do experimental and control groups differ?

Back 28

In an experiment the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable are called the experimental group. The control group or placebo group are given fake substances and are led to believe they are being given the real thing.

Front 29

Define biological psychology

Back 29

Biological psychology is a specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systems.

Front 30

Define neuroscience

Back 30

Neroscience is the study of the nervous system especially the brain.

Front 31

Describe the functions of neurons

Back 31

Neurons are highly specialized cells that communicates information and electrical and chemical form. Cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit infer from one part of the body to another

Front 32

Describe the functions of glial cells

Back 32

Glial cells support the the cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes.

Front 33

Sensory nueros

Back 33

convey info about the environment such as light/sound from specialized receptors cells in the sense orange to the brain.

Front 34

Motor nueros

Back 34

communicate info to the muscles and glands of the body.

Front 35

Internuerons

Back 35

communicate info between neurons

Front 36

Identify the basic components of a neuron.

Back 36

cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Front 37

Cell body, also called soma..

Back 37

contains structures that manufacture proteins and process nutrients, providing the energy the neuron needs. The cell body also contains the nucleus which contains DNA called chromosomes.

Front 38

Dendrites...

Back 38

are multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron cell body and receive info from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells.

Front 39

Axon...

Back 39

long fluid filled tube that carries a nueros message to other body areas.

Front 40

What is the action potential?

Back 40

The action potential are messages gathered by the dendrites and cell body and then transmitted along the axon to form brief electrical impulse. It is produced by the movement of electrically charged particles, called ions, across the membrane of the axon. Some ions are negatively charged and some are positive.

Front 41

Describe how neurotransmitters affect synaptic transmission and explain their effects on behavior

Back 41

Neurotransmitters affect synaptic transmission by crossing the synaptic gap and attach themselves to the receptor sites on the dendrites and other surfaces of the surrounding nuerons.

Front 42

the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 42

Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Frontal lobe

Front 43

Temporal Lobe

Back 43

contains primary auditory cortex which receives auditory info.

Front 44

Occipital Lobe

Back 44

the very back of your brain includes the primary visual cortex where visual info is received

Front 45

Parietal Lobe

Back 45

involved in processing bodily, or somatosensory info including touch, temperature, pressure, and ino from receptors of muscles and joints.

Front 46

Frontal Lobe

Back 46

largest lobe of the cerebral cortex involved in planning, initiating, and executing voluntary movements.

Front 47

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 47

Corpus callosum is thick fibers that transfer info between the two hemispheres

Front 48

Describe the two major parts of the nervous system

Back 48

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Front 49

The somatic nervous system

Back 49

plays a key role in communication throughout the entire body. It communicates sensory information received by sensory receptors along the sensory nerves to the central nervous system. It also carries messages from the central nervous system along motor nerves to preform voluntary muscle movements.

Front 50

The autonomic nervous system

Back 50

regulates involuntary functions, ie. heart beat, blood pressure etc.

Front 51

sub-division of automatic nervous system: the sympathetic nervous system

Back 51

is the bodys emergency system rapidly activating the body to deal with threats/emergencies ie. fight or flight. Acts fast and quickly

Front 52

sub-division of automatic nervous system: the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 52

conserves and maintains you after an emergency. it acts slower.

Front 53

Describe the general functions of the endocrine system, and explain the role hormones play

Back 53

Endocrine system is a system of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These glands communicate info to chemicals called hormones that are in the bloodstream.

Front 54

Explain concussion and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs)

Back 54

A concussion is most common TBI defined as a disruption of normal functioning that occurs in the absence of damage to the structure and physical damage to the brain.

Front 55

What are the symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Back 55

CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease that is only diagnosed after death. Syptoms include depression, anxiety, poor judgment, lack of impulse control, lack of memory, concentration and attention.

Front 56

Describe the goals and challenges of the Human Connectome Project

Back 56

The goal of the human connectome project is to map the millions of miles of neural connections among the 100 billion neurons in the human brain. The challenge of this is the amount of memory needed on a computer to just scratch the surface of the amount of memory a brain actually has.

Front 57

explain the diffusion-spectrum imaging technique

Back 57

The Diffusion-spectrum imaging technique w neuroscientists to produce three-dimensional images of the neural pathways that connect one part of the brain to another.

Front 58

Describe the forebrain’s cerebral cortex, and explain the functions of its two lobes and association areas.

Back 58

The cerebral cortex is the wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain which contains the most sophisticated brain centers. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. A thick bundle of axons called the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres together.

Front 59

Structural Plasticity

Back 59

is the brains ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences

Front 60

Functional Plasticity

Back 60

the brain’s ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain area.

Front 61

Neurogenesis

Back 61

the development of new neuros

Front 62

Describe the function of the limbic system

Back 62

Limbic system is a group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and is involved in emotion, motivation learning, and memory.

Front 63

Describe the main functions of the right versus the left hemisphere. PAGE. 78

Back 63

Left hemisphere Dominance - word letters, language sounds, verbal memory, speech, grammar rules, reading, writing, arithmetic.

Right hemisphere Dominance - Geometric patterns, faces, emotional expression, non language sounds, music, nonverbal memory, emotional tone of speech, geometry, sense of direction, distance, mental rotation of shapes