Ch 02 - Chemistry Comes Alive

Front 1

matter

Back 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 2

mass

Back 2

amount of matter in something; remains the same

Front 3

weight

Back 3

used to approximate mass; varies with gravity

Front 4

1. solid

2. liquid

3. gas

Back 4

3 states of matter

Front 5

energy

Back 5

the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion

Front 6

1. kinetic

2. potential

Back 6

2 states of energy

Front 7

kinetic energy

Back 7

energy in action

Front 8

potential energy

Back 8

stored energy that has the potential to do work but is not presently doing so

Front 9

1. chemical

2. electrical

3. mechanical

4. electromagnetic

Back 9

4 forms of energy

Front 10

chemical energy

Back 10

form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances; most functional processes in the body use this type

Front 11

electrical energy

Back 11

form of energy that results from the movement of charged particles; ions cross the cell membrane

Front 12

mechanical energy

Back 12

form of energy directly involved in moving matter

Front 13

electromagnetic energy (radiant energy)

Back 13

form of energy that travels in waves; UV rays of the sun

Front 14

elements

Back 14

unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods; 112 known

Front 15

1. carbon

2. oyxgen

3. hydrogen

4. nitrogen

Back 15

4 most abundant elements in the human body; 96% of body weight

Front 16

periodic table

Back 16

listing of the known elements

Front 17

atoms

Back 17

the particles that form elements

Front 18

atomic symbol

Back 18

a one or two letter chemical shorthand that designates an element

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nucleus

Back 19

central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons

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proton

Back 20

subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge

Front 21

neutron

Back 21

neutral subatomic particle, also located in the nucleus

Front 22

atomic mass unit

Back 22

the approximate mass of a single proton or neutron

Front 23

electron

Back 23

subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge, located outside of the nucleus

Front 24

planetary model

Back 24

a simplified model of atomic structure

Front 25

orbitals

Back 25

regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time

Front 26

orbital model

Back 26

more modern model of atomic structure

Front 27

atomic number

Back 27

the number of protons in an atom's nucleus; written to the lower left of the atomic symbol

Front 28

mass number (atomic mass)

Back 28

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom; written to the upper left of the atomic symbol

Front 29

isotope

Back 29

structural variation of an element containing a different number of neutrons

Front 30

atomic weight

Back 30

an average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element

Front 31

radioisotopes

Back 31

isotopes that decay into more stable forms (radioactivity)

Front 32

element molecule

Back 32

a combination of two or more similar atoms held together by chemical bonds; ex. O2

Front 33

compound molecule

Back 33

a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms binding together; ex. NaCl

Front 34

mixtures

Back 34

substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed

Front 35

1. solutions

2. colloids

3. suspensions (emulsions)

Back 35

3 types of mixtures

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solutions

Back 36

homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids

Front 37

solvent

Back 37

substance present in the greatest amount (dissolving medium)

Front 38

solute

Back 38

substance present in a smaller amount in a mixture (dissolved)

Front 39

molarity

Back 39

expressing the concentration of a solution using moles per liter

Front 40

mole

Back 40

equal to an element or compound's atomic weight in grams

Front 41

Avogadro's number (6.02 x 1023)

Back 41

the exact number of solute particles found in one mole of any substance

Front 42

colloid

Back 42

heterogenerous mixture (composition changes throughout the mixture); emulsion

Front 43

sol-gel transformation

Back 43

changing reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state; ex. cytosol

Front 44

suspensions

Back 44

heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out; ex. blood

Front 45

chemical bond

Back 45

an energy relationship between the electrons of reacting atoms that holds them together

Front 46

electron shell

Back 46

space around an atom occupied by an electron cloud; energy level

Front 47

valence shell

Back 47

an atom's outermost electron shell (the portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive)

Front 48

octet rule (rule of eights)

Back 48

atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their valence shell

Front 49

chemically inert

Back 49

when an atom's valence shell is full

Front 50

chemically reactive

Back 50

when an atom's valence shell is not full

Front 51

1. ionic

2. covalent

3. hydrogen

Back 51

3 types of chemical bonds

Front 52

ions

Back 52

charged particles formed when an atom loses or gains electrons

Front 53

ionic bond

Back 53

a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

Front 54

anion

Back 54

an atom that gains electrons, acquiring a negative charge; "electron acceptor"

Front 55

cation

Back 55

an atom that loses electrons, acquiring a positive charge; "electron donor"

Front 56

crystals

Back 56

large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds

Front 57

covalent bond

Back 57

when two atoms share electrons, thus filling out their outer electron shells

Front 58

nonpolar molecules

Back 58

electrically balanced molecules

Front 59

polar molecules

Back 59

molecules with unequal electron pair sharing; asymmetrical; "dipole"

Front 60

electronegative

Back 60

atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons, are electron-hungry and attract electrons very strongly

Front 61

electropositive

Back 61

atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons tend to lose them to other atoms

Front 62

hydrogen bond

Back 62

a weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom; water (surface tension), protein

Front 63

chemical reaction

Back 63

occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

Front 64

1. synthesis

2. decomposition

3. exchange

Back 64

3 types of chemical reactions

Front 65

synthesis (combination) reaction

Back 65

process of atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule; anabolic; A + B --> AB

Front 66

decomposition reaction

Back 66

process of a molecule breaking down into smaller molecules or atoms; catabolic; AB --> A + B

Front 67

exchange (displacement) reactions

Back 67

reactions involving both synthesis and decomposition; AB + C --> AC + B

Front 68

exergonic reaction

Back 68

chemical reaction that releases energy

Front 69

endergonic reaction

Back 69

chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Front 70

activation energy

Back 70

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Front 71

1. temperature

2. particle size

3. concentration

4. catalysts

Back 71

4 factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction

Front 72

temperature

Back 72

increases the kinetic energy of particles and the force of their collisions (increases reaction rate)

Front 73

concentration

Back 73

the more particles present, the greater their chances of colliding (increases reaction rate)

Front 74

particle size

Back 74

smaller particles move quicker, creating greater force during collisions (increasing reaction rate)

Front 75

catalyst

Back 75

substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions without becoming part of the product (increases reaction rate)

Front 76

biochemistry

Back 76

the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter

Front 77

1. inorganic

2. organic

Back 77

2 classes of biological compounds

Front 78

inorganic compounds

Back 78

chemical compounds that don't contain carbon; use ionic and covalent bonds

Front 79

organic compounds

Back 79

compounds containing carbon; use covalent bonds

Front 80

1. water

2. salts

3. acids and bases

Back 80

3 important types of inorganic compounds

Front 81

water

Back 81

most important and abundant inorganic compound; roughly 70% of living cells; the universal solvent

Front 82

1. universal solvent

2. transport medium

3. reactant

4. lubricant

5. cushioning

6. maintains body temperature

Back 82

6 important actions of water

Front 83

hydration layers

Back 83

layers of water molecules that form around large charged molecules

Front 84

hydrolysis reaction

Back 84

decomposition reaction created by water molecules breaking down bonds

Front 85

dehydration synthesis

Back 85

when large molecules are synthesized from smaller ones, a water molecule is removed for every bond formed

Front 86

salt

Back 86

an ionic compound that dissociates into its component ions when dissolved in water

Front 87

electrolytes

Back 87

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

Front 88

acid

Back 88

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (HCl); "proton donor"

Front 89

base

Back 89

a substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) and takes up hydrogen ions; "proton acceptor"

Front 90

bicarbonate ion

Back 90

an important base in the body, particularly abundant in blood

Front 91

pH

Back 91

measure of H+ concentration; 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic)

Front 92

neutralization reaction

Back 92

reaction between acids and bases that results in water and a salt

Front 93

buffers

Back 93

help regulate acid-base balance

Front 94

electroneutral

Back 94

an atom that never loses or gains electrons; ex. carbon

Front 95

polymers

Back 95

chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers)

Front 96

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

Back 96

4 types of organic compounds

Front 97

carbohydrates - 2-3%

lipids - >20%

proteins - 15-30%

Back 97

% of the various organic molecules in the body

Front 98

carbohydrates

Back 98

organic compound that provides a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel; includes sugars and starches; contain C, H, and O

Front 99

monosaccharides

Back 99

single-chain or single-ring building blocks of carbohydrates; simple sugars; ex. glucose

Front 100

isomer

Back 100

having the same molecular formula but in different arrangements (resulting in different properties)

Front 101

disaccharides

Back 101

two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis; double sugars

Front 102

polysaccharides

Back 102

long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis, ideal storage products; ex. starch, glycogen

Front 103

starch

Back 103

storage carbohydrate formed by plants

Front 104

glycogen

Back 104

storage carbohydrate from animal tissue

Front 105

lipids

Back 105

organic compound used to store energy and in the structure of plasma membrane, not soluble in water; contain C, H, and O

Front 106

triglycerides

Back 106

lipids that are the body's most efficient form of stored energy, insulate deep body tissues; neutral fats (fats when solid or oils when liquid)

Front 107

1. fatty acids

2. glycerol

Back 107

2 building blocks of triglycerides

Front 108

phospholipids

Back 108

lipids used to build cellular membranes; modified triglycerides that contain phosphate

Front 109

steroids

Back 109

flat lipid molecules that are fat soluble and contain little oxygen; ex. cholesterol

Front 110

lipoproteins

Back 110

transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood stream

Front 111

proteins

Back 111

the basic structural material of the body, 10-30% of cell mass; contain C, H, O, and N

Front 112

amino acids

Back 112

the building blocks of protein; 20 types

Front 113

peptide bond

Back 113

the amine end of one amino acid linked to the acid end of the next, resulting in long chains of amino acids

Front 114

polypeptide

Back 114

10 or more combined amino acids; 50+ is considered a protein

Front 115

macromolecules

Back 115

large, complex proteins containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids

Front 116

primary structure

Back 116

linear sequence of amino acids

Front 117

secondary structure

Back 117

twisted or linked structure of amino acids; helix or sheet

Front 118

tertiarty structure

Back 118

secondary amino acid structure folded back onto itself

Front 119

quaternary structure

Back 119

two or more polypeptide chains together; ex. prealbumin

Front 120

fibrous (structural) protein

Back 120

extended and strandlike protein that provides mechanical support and tensile strength to body tissues, tertiary or quaternary; ex. collagen

Front 121

globular (functional) protein

Back 121

compact proteins that play a role in virtually all biological processes, tertiary or quaternary; ex. enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies

Front 122

denatured

Back 122

proteins that have unfolded or lost their three-dimensional shape, causing loss of function

Front 123

molecular chaperone

Back 123

a class of globular proteins that help proteins achieve their functional three-dimensional shape

Front 124

enzyme

Back 124

globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Front 125

holoenzyme

Back 125

an enzyme consisting of a protein and a cofactor

Front 126

cofactor

Back 126

a substance whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme

Front 127

coenzymes

Back 127

cofactors derived from vitamins

Front 128

substrate

Back 128

the substance on which an enzyme acts

Front 129

active site

Back 129

substrate binding site on an enzyme

Front 130

nucleic acids

Back 130

the largest molecules in the body; includes DNA and RNA

Front 131

nucleotides

Back 131

the structural units of nucleic acids

Front 132

1. pentose sugar

2. phosphate group

3. nitrogen-containing base

Back 132

3 components of nucleotides

Front 133

1. adenine (A)

2. guanine (G)

3. cytosine (C)

4. thymine (T) - only in DNA

5. uracil (U) - only in RNA

Back 133

5 nitrogen-containing bases of nucleotides

Front 134

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 134

nucleotide found in the nucleus; replicates itself before the cell divides and provides the instructions for protein synthesis

Front 135

AT, CG

Back 135

complementary bases of DNA

Front 136

double helix

Back 136

the spiral staircase-like structure of DNA

Front 137

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 137

nucleotide found outside the nucleus, carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA

Front 138

AU, CG

Back 138

complementary bases of RNA

Front 139

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 139

primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, provides energy

Front 140

glucose

Back 140

simple sugar that when broken down creates high-energy ATP molecules