Cellular Reproduction: Chapter 9

Front 1

cell division

Back 1

The process of cellular reproduction in which a parent cell usually produces two daughter cells; the splitting of one cell into two.

Front 2

daughter cells

Back 2

One of the two cells formed by cell division.
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information, identical to the hereditary information of the parent cell, and about half the parent cell's cytoplasm.

Front 3

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 3

A polymer that contains the hereditary information of all living cells and composed of subunits called nucleotides.

Front 4

nucleotide

Back 4

A molecule with a three-part structure: composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base.

Front 5

The process of cellular reproduction in which a parent cell usually produces two daughter cells is called__________.

Back 5

cell division

Front 6

The splitting of one cell into two is called_____________.

Back 6

cell division

Front 7

In cell division, each ________________ cell receives a complete set of hereditary information, identical to the hereditary information of the parent cell, and about half the parent cell's cytoplasm.

Back 7

daughter (cell)

Front 8

Rudolf Virchow was the German physician who first stated, "All _____ come from ______".

Back 8

cells; cells

Front 9

Name the German physician who first said, "All cells come from cells."

Back 9

Rudolf VIrchow

Front 10

Cells reproduce by _____________.

Back 10

cell division

Front 11

The hereditary information of all living cells is contained in _____________.

Back 11

DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 12

DNA is a _________________, composed of subunits, called nucleotides.

Back 12

polymer

Front 13

DNA is a polymer, composed of subunits, called ___________.

Back 13

nucleotides

Front 14

Each nucleotide of DNA consists of a _____________, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four bases.

Back 14

phosphate

Front 15

Name the four bases of DNA

Back 15

C-Cytosine
G-Guanine
A-Adenine
T-Thymine

Front 16

Each nucleotide of DNA consists of a phosphate, ____________, and one of four bases.

Back 16

sugar (deoxyribose)

Front 17

There are four bases of DNA: Cytosine, ___________, Thymine, and Adenine.

Back 17

Guanine

Front 18

Each nucleotide of DNA is composed of a phosphate, one of four bases, and a ____________, or deoxyribose.

Back 18

sugar

Front 19

chromosome

Back 19

consists of DNA, together with proteins that organize its 3-D structure and regulate its use.

Front 20

A DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of DNA is a _________________.

Back 20

chromosome

Front 21

A chromosome is a DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of _____________.

Back 21

DNA

Front 22

The DNA on a chromosome consists of _________ (number) long strands of nucleotides wound around each other, as a ________________ (object it looks like) would look if it were twisted into a _____________ (type of shape) shape, called a __________ __________ (two words).

Back 22

2; ladder; corkscrew; double-helix

Front 23

The DNA on a chromosome consists of two ________ (long or short) strands of nucleotides wound around each other, as a ladder would look if it were twisted into a _________ (type of shape) shape, called a _______-helix.

Back 23

long; corkscrew; double

Front 24

The units of inheritance are called __________.

Back 24

genes

Front 25

Genes are the units of ________________.

Back 25

inheritance

Front 26

The units of inheritance, that are segments of DNA, ranging from a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length are _______________.

Back 26

genes

Front 27

Two long strands of nucleotides wound around each other as a ladder, would look as if it was twisted into a corkscrew, into a structure called a __________ ____________.

Back 27

double-helix

Front 28

Units of inheritance, consisting of segments ranging from a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length are called ___________.

Back 28

genes

Front 29

True or False:

It's not the amount of base pairs, but the arrangement of pairs, that determine genetic make-up in genes.

Back 29

True

Front 30

What does DNA stand for?

Back 30

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 31

True or False:

A cell can survive without a complete set of genetic instructions.

Back 31

False: A cell must have a complete set of genetic instructions in order to survive.

Front 32

When a cell divides, the cell must first ____________ its DNA to make _____ (number) identical copies.

Back 32

duplicate; two

Front 33

True or False
When a cell divides, it can simply split its set of genes in half and give each daughter cell half a set.

Back 33

False:

When a cell divides, the cell must first duplicate its DNA to make two identical copies.

Front 34

The structure of DNA consists of a nucleotide , which consists of _______________, sugar, and one of four bases, which are _____________, ___________, __________, or ___________. A total of _____ (number) DNA strands twist around one another to form a ___________ ________.

Back 34

phosphate; Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine; two; double-helix

Front 35

True or False:

Each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions before cell division takes place.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Cell division leads to the production of _____________ cells. After cell division, ____________ cells may grow and divide again.

Back 36

daughter; daughter

Front 37

After cell division, the daughter cells may grow and divide again, or they may___________________, becoming specialized in structure and function.

Back 37

differentiate

Front 38

When daughter cells differentiate, they become specialized for specific functions, such as:
______________________ (muscle cells), _________________(white blood cells), or producing ____________________ (cells of pancreas, stomach, and intestine).

Back 38

contraction; fighting infections; producing digestive enzymes

Front 39

The __________________ _________________ is a repeating pattern of divide, grow, and (possibly) differentiate, then divide again.

Back 39

cell cycle

Front 40

Why do cells divide?

Back 40

1.) To transmit hereditary information to each daughter cell.
2.) For growth & development.
3.) For sexual & asexual reproduction

Front 41

Multicellular organisms have 3 categories of cells, based on their ability to divide, and they are:
1.___________________
2.___________________
3.___________________

Back 41

1.) Stem Cells
2.) Other Cells Capable of Dividing
3.) Permanently differentiated Cells

Front 42

This category of cells has two characteristics

(1.) Self-renewal
(2.) The ability to differentiate into a variety of cells.

Back 42

Stem Cells

Front 43

Name the two characteristics of stem cells

Back 43

(1.) Self-renewal
(2.) The ability to differentiate into a variety of cells.

Front 44

__________________ means that stem cells retain the capacity to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism.

Back 44

Self-renewal

Front 45

Dividing cells in your liver, can only become more liver cells. This is an example of which of the three categories of cells, based on their ability to divide and differentiate?

Back 45

Other Cells Capable of Dividing

Front 46

This category of cells, in multicellular organisms, will differentiate and never divide again.

Back 46

Permanently Differentiated Cells

Front 47

Name two examples of Permanently Differentiated Cells that differentiate and never divide again.

Back 47

These types of cells cannot divide:
(1.) Cells in your heart.
(2.) Cells in your brain.

Front 48

True or False:

One of the three reasons cells divide is to transmit hereditary information to each daughter cell.

Back 48

True

Front 49

True or False:

Cell division is required for sexual reproduction but not for asexual reproduction.

Back 49

False:

Cells division is required for both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Front 50

True or False

Cell division transmits hereditary information to each daughter cell.

Back 50

True

Front 51

True or False:

Cell division is not required for growth and development.

Back 51

False:

Cell division is required for growth and development.

Front 52

___________________ reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and eggs) generated in the gonads of adults.

Back 52

Sexual

Front 53

A sex cell, usually sperm or egg

Back 53

gamete

Front 54

A specialized type of cell division that occurs in an adult's reproductive system is called _______________ _________________ _________________ (3 words).

Back 54

meiotic cell division

Front 55

Meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with exactly ___________ of the genetic information of their parent cells.

Back 55

half

Front 56

During meiosis, when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the offspring contains a ___________ (half / or / full) complement of genetic information when they fuse.

Back 56

full

Front 57

Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg, is called _________________ ___________________.

Back 57

asexual reproduction

Front 58

This is the name for offspring that are genetically identical to the parent and to each other.

Back 58

clones

Front 59

This type of reproduction produces offspring that are clones.

Back 59

asexual

Front 60

Examples of asexual reproduction in organisms

Back 60

(1.) Hydra (eukaryote) reproduces by budding
(2.) Paramecium reproduces by cell division
(3.) Plants and fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. (Ex: Aspen trees)

Front 61

Can you describe the 3 types of cells found in a multicellular organism?

Back 61

(1.) Stem cells
(2.) Other cells that are capable of dividing
(3.) Permanently Differentiated Cells

Front 62

When a cell differentiates it becomes specialized for specific functions. Name an example of a specific function.

Back 62

1. Muscle cells (contraction)
2. White Blood Cells (fighting infections)
3. Cells of Pancreas, stomach, and intestine (producing digestive enzymes)

Front 63

The type of reproduction that occurs in eukaryotic organisms, when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)

Back 63

sexual reproduction

Front 64

The type of reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single-parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg is ________________________.

Back 64

asexual reproduction

Front 65

They do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or cellular organelles.

Are they prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

Back 65

Prokaryotic Cells

Front 66

They have a nucleoid region that contains genetic information.

Are they prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

Back 66

Prokaryotic Cells

Front 67

The prokaryotic cell divides by ______________ ______________ (two words).

Back 67

prokaryotic fission

Front 68

Another word for prokaryotic fission is ____________ _____________ (two words).

Back 68

binary fission

Front 69

There are ______ (number) stages of prokaryotic fission.

Back 69

five

Front 70

The 5 stages of prokaryotic fission are:

Back 70

1.) Attachment/chromosome to plasma membrane
2.) DNA Replication/DNA gets copied
3.) New plasma membrane added/push apart further
4.) Plasma membrane grows inward @middle of cell
5.) Parent cell divides into daughter cells

Front 71

True or False:

Prokaryotic cells are large in diameter

Back 71

False:

Prokaryotic cells are 1-2 um in diameter.

Front 72

True or False:

Prokaryotic cells are small in diameter, and cannot carry a lot of DNA.

Back 72

True

Front 73

Prokaryotic cells are arranged in what kind of loop?
a.) Spiral
b.) Circular
c.) Round

Back 73

b.) Circular

Front 74

In the _______________ cell cycle, a relatively long period of growth occurs, during which the cell replicates its DNA, followed by a type of cell division called __________________ _________________ (two words).

Back 74

prokaryotic; prokaryotic fission

Front 75

Another word for prokaryotic fission is ______________ _______________ (two words).

Back 75

binary fission

Front 76

There are _________ (number) stages to the cell growth and DNA replication stage of the prokaryotic cell cycle.

Back 76

five

Front 77

A ______________ cell has two of each chromosome, one from each parent.

Back 77

diploid

Front 78

A _______________ cell only has one copy of every chromosome.

Back 78

haploid

Front 79

The term ___________________ _________________ (two words) is used to describe cell division in prokaryotic cells.

Back 79

prokaryotic fission

Front 80

What occurs in STAGE 1 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE ?

Back 80

The prokaryotic chromosome is usually attached to the inside of plasma membrane.

Front 81

In the 1st stage of the PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE, the ________________________ is attached to the inside of the ___________________ _____________________ of the cell.

Back 81

chromosome; plasma membrane

Front 82

What happens in STAGE 2 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE ?

Back 82

DNA Replicates, during cell growth, and the resulting two chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane at nearby points.

Front 83

What happens in STAGE 3 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?

Back 83

New Plasma Membrane is added between the two attachment points, pushing the two chromosomes farther apart.

Front 84

What occurs in STAGE 4 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?

Back 84

The plasma membrane grows inward at the middle of the cell.

Front 85

What happens in STAGE 5 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?

Back 85

The parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

Front 86

_______________________ cells have:
1. Cell wall (made of cellulose)
2. Large central vacuole
3. Chloroplasts

Back 86

Plant

Front 87

In eukaryotes, the central dogma of biology is_____________ --> ___________ --> ______________

Back 87

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Front 88

___________________ cells have centrioles.

Back 88

Animal

Front 89

Plant cells have a __________ ___________ made of cellulose.

Back 89

cell wall

Front 90

_________________ cells have a Large Central Vacuole.

Back 90

Plant

Front 91

Chloroplasts are contained within ___________ cells.

Back 91

Plant

Front 92

Which ones of these are eukaryotes?
Animals
Protists
Plants
Fungi

Back 92

Animals
Protists
Plants
Fungi
(All of them are)

Front 93

Is it true that Eukaryotic cells have a (1.) Nucleus
(2.) Genetic Material (3.) Plasma Membrane
(4.) Ribosomes (5.) Cytoplasm-including cytoskeleton

Back 93

YES,
All of these are true

Front 94

Name the 5 other membrane-bound internal structures, or organelles, found in Eukaryotic cells?

Back 94

1. Mitochondria
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Golgi bodies
3. Lysosomes
4. Vesicles

Front 95

True or False:
Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.

Back 95

True

Front 96

Eukaryotes have what range of multiple chromosomes?

Back 96

2 to 1200

Front 97

Prokaryotes ( do / do not ) have a nucleus or membrane bound organelle.

Back 97

DO NOT

Front 98

A eukaryotic chromosome consists of ________________ DNA Double Helix, bound to ________________.

Back 98

Linear; Proteins

Front 99

What is the DNA Helix length of a eukaryotic chromosome?

Back 99

Length ranges from 50 million to 250 million nucleotides.

Front 100

_______________ chromosomes differ from _______________ chromosomes in that they are separated from the cytoplasm in a membrane-bound nucleus

Back 100

Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic

Front 101

________________________ cells always have multiple chromosomes---the smallest number being ________ and that moist having more than ___________.

Back 101

Eukaryotic
2
1200

Front 102

Each human chromosome contains a single DNA double helix; ranging in length from about _____ million to _____ million nucleotides

Back 102

50 million
250 million

Front 103

For most of a cell's life, the ___________ in each chromosome is wrapped around proteins called __________________, which form "beads".

Back 103

DNA; histones

Front 104

Chromosome structure; (1) Eukaryotic chromosome
contains a single DNA __________ - ____________
(2) DNA is wrapped around proteins like "beads", or ______________. (3) Histone/beads ___________ - ____ like a slinky, getting shorter. (4)These coils attach in __________ to protein "scaffold", getting even shorter. (5) During cell division, other proteins ___________ the chromosome, condensing the DNA.

Back 104

1. double-helix
2. histones
3. coil-up
4. loops
5. fold

Front 105

The prokaryotic cell cycle consists of what two things?

Back 105

1.) Growth & DNA Replication
2.) Prokaryotic Fission

Front 106

Each gene occupies a specific "place" (Latin) , or _____________, on a chromosome.

Back 106

locus (plural, loci)

Front 107

Human chromosomes may contain as few as _______ genes , the lowest Y chromosome, to over________ genes, in "Chromosome 1", the largest chromosome.

Back 107

70
3000

Front 108

Every chromosome has genes, and specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function; ________ telomeres and _____ centromere.

Back 108

2 telomeres
1 centromere

Front 109

Meaning "end body" in Greek, _________________, are protective caps at each end of a chromosome.

Back 109

telomeres

Front 110

Telomeres are crucial to structure and function of chromosomes for 2 reasons. Name them both.

Back 110

1.) Protective caps at the end of chromosome; preventing genes from being lost during DNA replication.
2.) Keep chromosomes from fusing with one another.

Front 111

Each gene occupies a specific place, or _____________ on a chromosome.

Back 111

locus (plural, loci)

Front 112

Human chromosomes may contain as few as ______ genes (lowest for Y chromosome) to over ________ genes (in chromosome 1,the largest chromosome).

Back 112

70
3,000

Front 113

In addition to genes, every chromosome has specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function: ______ telomeres and ______ centromere.

Back 113

2
1

Front 114

In addition to genes, every chromosome has specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function. These are called ___________ and ___________.

Back 114

telomeres (2) & centromere (1)

Front 115

________________are protective caps at each end of a chromosome. Name two reasons why they are important.

Back 115

Telomeres
(1.) Without telomeres at each end of the chromosomes, genes would be lost during DNA replication. (2.) They keep chromosomes from fusing with one another.

Front 116

The second specialized region of the chromosome is the __________________. Name its 2 principle functions.

Back 116

centromere
(1.) It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication.
(2.) It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division.

Front 117

At the end of DNA replication, a __________________ ___________________ (2 words) consists of two sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere.

Back 117

duplicated chromosome

Front 118

After DNA replication, two identical DNA double helices are called sister _________________, which are attached to each other at the centromere.

Back 118

chromatids

Front 119

The entire set of chromosomes from a single cell is called its __________________.

Back 119

karyotype

Front 120

The two chromosomes that make up a pair are called _______________ ____________________ .

Back 120

homologous chromosomes, or homologues

Front 121

Homologous (Gk.) means "_______________"

Back 121

to say the same thing

Front 122

Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called __________________, meaning "double".

Back 122

diploid

Front 123

Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes for a total of __________.

Back 123

23
46

Front 124

True or False:
Homologous chromosomes are
-same length
-same staining pattern
-same arrangement and order of genes

Back 124

True

Front 125

Homologous chromosomes of similar appearance and similar DNA sequence, are called _______________, and are paired in diploid cells of both sexes.

Back 125

autosomes

Front 126

Human karyotype contains ____ pairs of chromosomes or for a total of _____.

Back 126

23
46

Front 127

Humans and most other mammals, have ___ sex chromosomes: either ___ X (females) or an X and Y chromosome (males).

Back 127

2
2

Front 128

When a cell copies the DNA of one homologue but not the other, a change occurs in nucleotide sequence in DNA, which results in ____________.

Back 128

mutations

Front 129

Enduring mutations, inherited generation after generation, are called _______________.

Back 129

alleles

Front 130

True or False:

A single mutation can have a negative consequence for the whole organism, such as in the case of sickle-cell anemia.

Back 130

True

Front 131

True or False:
In some cases of mutation, the changes may benefit the organism carrying it, helping it to survive and reproduce more successfully than other members of its species.

Back 131

True

Front 132

A haploid cell has ______ of the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell.

Back 132

half

Front 133

Most cells in our bodies are ( diploid / haploid ) .

Back 133

diploid

Front 134

True or False:
During sexual reproduction, cells in the ovaries or testes undergo meiotic cell division to produce gametes (sperm or eggs).

Back 134

True

Front 135

True or False:
Each gamete contains only one member of each pair of autosomes and one of the 2 sex chromosomes.

Back 135

True

Front 136

Cells that contain only one of each type of chromosome are called __________________, meaning single.

Back 136

haploid

Front 137

In humans, a haploid cell contains ____ of each of the ____ autosomes, plus either an X or Y sex chromosome, for a total of ____ chromosomes.

Back 137

1
22
23

Front 138

The haploid number, n , for human species is _____.

Back 138

23 (22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome)

Front 139

Diploid cells contain 2n chromosomes, thus the body cells of humans have _____ (2n) chromosomes.

Back 139

2n= 2 X 23, which equals 46; your answer is 46.