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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Eukaryotic Cell division occurs in what two steps?

Nuclear division


Cytoplasmic division

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase


mitosis


cytoplasmic division

The cell spends most of its life in what phase?

Interphase (G1,S,G2)

Describe G1 phase

Growth before DNA replication


Chromosomes are unduplicated



What is S and what happens during S?

Synthesis


The cell makes copies of chromosomes by DNA replication



What is G2 phase and what happens?

After replication but before mitosis


Cell prepares for division



What happens during mitosis?

The nucleus divides

What happens to the cell during Interphase?

Increases in size


replicates DNA


Doubles cytoplasm

Where do most cell checks happen?

G1 Phase

Describe Homologous Chromosomes

Have the same length, shape, and genes


One pair is from mother other is from father


Human Cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)



Males have ____ Chromosomes


Females have ____ Chromosomes

Males: XY


Females: XX

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


Telophase

Cytoplasmic division results in what?

Two diploid cells

What is the point of cell checkpoints?

If there is an issue in the cell it can be corrected before it moves on

What happens to a cell's chromosomes during interphase?

They are loosened to allow transcription & DNA replication

What is a centrosome?

A region near the nucleus that organizes spindle microtubules (includes two centrioles)

What happens during Prophase?

Chromosomes condense


Nuclear envelope breaks up


Microtubules attach to the chromosomes


Microtubules for a bipolar spindle

What is the spindle?

What is the spindle?

A network of microtubules that form during nuclear division


Grows from opposite poles and attach to duplicated chromosomes


Attach to different sister chromatids and separate them

What happens during Metaphase?

What happens during Metaphase?

Duplicated chromosomes line up midway between spindle poles

What happens during Anaphase

What happens during Anaphase

Microtubules separate the sister chromatids and pull then to opposite spindle poles

What happens during Telophase?

What happens during Telophase?

Two new nuclei are formed

What is cytokinesis and when does it normally happen?

Cytoplasmic division


Late Anaphase - End of Telophase

What's the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

What's the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

Plant cells create a cell plate


Animal cell creates cleavage & pinches

Describe Telomeres

Describe Telomeres

Noncoding sequences


Protect chromosomes from losing genetic info

How do tumors form?

Checkpoint mechanisms fail and the cell loses control over its cycle, forms a neoplasm which forms a lump a.k.a a Tumor

What is shown here?

What is shown here?

The white is the normal cells while the brown shows the active form of the EGF receptor (breast cancer)

Characteristics of Cancer cells

Grow and divide abnormally


Cytoplasm is altered


Malignant cell have abnormal chromosome numbers


Cancer cells break lose and invade other parts of the body (metastasis)