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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a consequence of the lowered pressure environment of the right ventricle relative to the left? |
opening/closing of the valves are not synced splitting of the "dub" |
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what event is indicated by S1 sounds? |
systole, closing of the mitral valve |
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what event is indicated by S2 sounds? |
diastole, closing of the aortic valve |
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Does PLN act within cardiac muscle? If so, what does it do? |
Yes, inhibits SRCA activity |
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What is the primary form of regulation in cardiac muscles? |
Ca release (not recruitment) |
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What does the dicrotic notch signify? |
secondary upstroke in the descending part of a pulse tracing corresponding to the transient increase in aortic pressure upon closure of the aortic valve |
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How do the passive tension curves differ between skeletal and cardiac muscles? |
T(passive) accumulates much more quickly in cardiac muscles |
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How do the active tension curves differ between skeletal and cardiac muscles? |
cardiac muscles are shifted to the right, steeper, and lacks a plateau |
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What accounts for the different length-tension relationship between skeletal and cardiac muscle? |
length impacts Ca sensitivity |
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What factors help increase heart rate? Include hormones and associated receptors. |
1. ANS - sympathetic innervation - Norepi on beta-1 receptors - removing tonic parasympathetic innervation - Ach on Muscarinic receptor 2. plasma epinephrine innervating beta-1 receptors |
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What is the fastest way to modulate HR? |
withdrawal of parasympathetic innervation |
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What targets do catecholamines have on the SA node? |
HCN and L-type Ca channels. they don't affect GIRK channels (max diastolic potential) |
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What ways does the heart increase stroke volume? |
1. SNS - norepinephrine on B1 receptors 2. Plasma Epinephrine - epinephrine on B1 receptors 3. Increase in EDV - increasing preload |
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Effects of PKA in cardiac muscle? Which is the more important? |
1. opening of L-type Ca Channel (increases load) 2. RyR2 (more Ca release) 3. SRCA activation (increases load) 4. phosphorylatin of myosin (increases sensitivity) 3 is the most important |
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How does HR modulate contractility? |
1. Positive Stair Case (Bowditch Phenomenon) - increase in overall Ca 2. Postextrasystolic Potentiation |
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How does one measure contractility? |
1. LV pressure and dP/dT 2. LV volume and Ejection Fraction |
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Cardiac Index |
CO / SA ~3 L/min/m^2 |
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Stroke Work |
Pressure * Stroke Volume |
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Pressure in the RA? |
8 mmHg |
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Pressure in the RV? |
30 / 8 mmHg |
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Pressure in the PA? |
30 / 8 mmHg |
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Pressure in PCW ? |
5 mmHg |
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Pressure in LA? |
5 mmHg |
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Pressure in LV? |
120 / 8 mmHg |
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Pressure in Aorta? |
120/ 80 mmHg |
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What phenomenon is responsible for the splitting of the S2 heart sound? |
- negative pressure of inspiration in the intrathoracic cavity increases venous return. Increased RV EDV takes longer to eject causing P2 to be delayed relative to A2. - different pressures faced by the two ventricles |
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What are the waves associated with the atrium? |
a wave - contraction of the atrium to fill ventricle c wave - blip in pressure due contraction of the ventricles v wave - slow, gradual filling of the atrium during diastole |
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what event is indicated by S3 heart sound? |
passive, rapid filling into the compliant ventricle (large, diseased) |
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what event is indicated by S4 heart sound? |
atrial contraction into a non-compliant LV (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) |
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What condition attributes to diastolic murmur? |
mitral stenosis |
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what condition attributes to systolic murmur? |
aortic stenosis |
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what is the primary source of energy at rest? |
Free fatty acids |
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what is the primary source of energy during exercise ? |
Lactate |
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What is the pulse pressure? |
Psys - Pdia SV / Ca (compliance) |
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Measuring degree of mitral insufficiency? |
- Echocardiograph to calculate the SV (EDV-ESV) - Fick's to measure foward SV (CO/ HR) regurgitant volume: total SV - forward SV regurgitant fraction: RV / total SV |
