Physiology: Cardiovascular System

Front 1

__________ was the first person that concluded that blood must circulate around and around

Back 1

William Harvey (English Physician, 1578-1657 )

Front 2

William Harvey’s work published in year _______ is considered the beginning of modern physiology and cardiovascular research

Back 2

1628

Front 3

The Cardiovascular System(CVS) consists of the heart and the network of blood vessels in which the blood circulates. T/F

Back 3

True

Front 4

CVS in human is a open circulatory system. T/f

Back 4

False

Closed

Front 5

The vascular network of CVS consist of what ?

Back 5

Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins and Vena cavae.

Front 6

The cardiovascular system has two main divisions;

Back 6

Systemic circulation (major division) Pulmonary circulation (minor division)

Front 7

_____________ involves transportation of blood and its constituents from the left side of the heart to the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart.

Back 7

Systemic circulation

Front 8

The _____________ is called the major circulation and it is a high pressure driven system.

Back 8

Systemic circulation

Front 9

The pump for the systemic circulation is the ________

Back 9

Left ventircle

Front 10

The feeding venous system to the systemic circulation is the __________

Back 10

Pulmonary venous system

Front 11

Systemic Circulation Route are

Back 11

Front 12

________ involves transportation of blood and its constituents from the right side of the heart to lung and back to the left side of the heart.

Back 12

Pulmonary circulation

Front 13

_________ is a low pressure driven system compared with systemic circulation.

Back 13

Pulmonary circulation

Front 14

The pump for the pulmonary circulation is the ______ .

Back 14

Right ventricle

Front 15

The feeding venous system to the pulmonary circulation is the _________

Back 15

Systemic venous system.

Front 16

Highlight the Pulmonary circulation route

Back 16

Hint 16

Front 17

The functions of the cardiovascular system can be categorised into two;

Back 17

Mechanical function

Electrical function

Front 18

The electrical activity initiates mechanical activities. T/F

Back 18

True

Front 19

Without electrical activity, there will be no mechanical activities. T/f

Back 19

True

Front 20

__________ is the Central pump through myocardial contractility Generates and propagates the cardiac electrical impulses

Back 20

Heart

Front 21

__________ is the Central pump through myocardial contractility Generates and propagates the cardiac electrical impulses

Back 21

Heart

Front 22

_____________Transport blood under high pressure and maintain blood flow at high velocities

Back 22

Arteries

Front 23

___________Maintains blood flow in response to tissue demand

Back 23

Arterioles

Front 24

__________ Exchange water, gases, nutrients, hormones, cytokines and other substances between the vascular system and interstitium

Back 24

Capillaries

Front 25

________ Transport blood from capillaries into veins

Back 25

Venules

Front 26

____________Transport blood under low pressure from venules into heart;

Back 26

Veins

Also serve as controllable blood reservoir

Front 27

_________ refers to the movement of fluid between capillary and interstitium

Back 27

Capillary Fluid Exchange

Front 28

Capillary Fluid Exchange depends on pressure gradients between the capillary and the tissue at arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary as illustrated by Starling equation. T/f

Back 28

True

Front 29

In year ________, Ernest H. Starling, a British Physiologist derived an equation that shows relationship among forces that govern movement of fluid in and out of capillary

Back 29

1896

Jv = Kfc[(Pc-Pi)- σ(πp - πi)]

Jv = Net rate of capillary filtrationn

Kfc = Capillary filtration coefficient (a product of capillary surface area and capillary hydraulic conductance)

Pc = Capillary hydrostatic pressure

P i= Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

σ = Osmotic reflection coefficient

πp = Plasma oncotic pressure

π i= Interstitial oncotic pressure

Front 30

Capillary fluid exchange is determined by four forces;

Back 30

•Capillary Oncotic pressure (COP)

•Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

•Tissue Oncotic pressure (TOP)

•Tissue Hydrostatic Pressure (THP)

Front 31

___________ is the osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins. It draws fluid from interstitium into the capillary

Back 31

Capillary Oncotic Pressure (COP):

Front 32

_________ is the force generated by fluid within the capillary. It pushes fluid out of the capillary into the interstitium

Back 32

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) :

Front 33

________ is the force generated by interstitial proteins. It draws fluid from capillary into interstitium.

Back 33

Tissue oncotic pressure (TOP):

Front 34

___________ is the force generated by interstitial fluid. It pushes fluid out of interstitium into the capillary

Back 34

Tissue Hydrostatic Pressure (THP) :

Front 35

_____ = Net hydrostatic pressure - net oncotic pressure

Back 35

CFP

Front 36

COP-TOP = ________

Back 36

Net oncotic pressure

Front 37

CHP-THP = _________

Back 37

Net hydrostatic pressure

Front 38

_________ is the swelling of a tissue resulting from excessive accumulation of fluid within the tissue.

Back 38

Oedema

Front 39

________ is associated with imbalance of forces governing capillary fluid exchange with resultant fluid accumulation in the interstitial tissue.

Back 39

Oedema

Front 40

The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in oedema include;

Back 40

•Decrease plasma oncotic pressure: such as liver disease, nephrotic syndrome

•Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure: e.g Congestive Heart Failure.

•Increase capillary permeability: e.g Anaphylactic reactions, sepsis

•Lymphatic obstruction: Filariasis

Front 41

Cardiac Muscle consists of three groups;

Back 41

Specialized muscle; Cardiac electrical System.

Atrial muscle

Ventricular Muscle

Front 42

What is the Organization of Cardiac Electrical System

Back 42

Front 43

The Pacemaker of the heart is the ______

Back 43

Sinoatrial Node

Front 44

The cardiac pace maker was Discovered in 1906 but first described(published) in 1907 in the countryside of Kent (UK) by __________ laboratory assistance; ______ and his (a young medical student).

Back 44

Arthur Keith

Martin Flack

Front 45

The human sinoatrial node measures approximately 1.5cm long and 0.5cm wide. T/f

Back 45

True

Front 46

The cardiac pace maker (SA node) is Located in the upper wall of the right atrium, close to the interatrial septum at the entrance of superior vena cava into the right atrium. T/f

Back 46

True

Front 47

The cardiac pace maker (SA node) is Located in the upper wall of the right atrium, close to the interatrial septum at the entrance of superior vena cava into the right atrium. T/f

Back 47

True

Front 48

Potential exhibited by cardiac pacemaker cells is called ___________

Back 48

Pacemaker potential

Front 49

The pacemaker is predominantly sinoatrial node action potential. T/F

Back 49

True

Front 50

The pacemaker is predominantly sinoatrial node action potential. T/F

Back 50

True

Front 51

What are the three phases of pace maker action potetials

Back 51

Pacemaker potential(prepotential), phase 4,

Depolarization, phase 0 &

Repolarization, phase 3.

403

Front 52

Resting potential of a pacemaker cell ranges from _____-______

Back 52

-60 to -70 mV

Front 53

The threshold for the pacemaker potential ranges from ___-____

Back 53

-40 to -50mV

Front 54

What is the phase 4 of the sinoatrial action potential

Back 54

Phase 4

Spontaneous Depolarization

(Continuous K + efflux,Slow Na+ influx & Slow CA 2+ influx)

Front 55

What happens at the PHASE 0 of the sinoatrial Node Action potential

Back 55

Phase 0

Depolarization

(Slow CA 2+ INFLUX)

Front 56

What happens at the PHASE 0 of the sinoatrial Node Action potential

Back 56

Phase 0

Depolarization

(Slow CA 2+ INFLUX)

Front 57

What happens at Phase 3 of the sinoatrial node action potential

Back 57

Phase 3

Repolarization

(K+ efflux)

Front 58

Individual cardiac muscle cells are separated from one another by

Back 58

intercalated discs

Front 59

Individual cardiac muscle cells are separated from one another by

Back 59

intercalated discs

Front 60

At Intercalated disc,the cells fuse with one another forming gap junctions which allow free ionic movement that facilitates intercellular communication. T/f

Back 60

True

Front 61

At Intercalated disc,the cells fuse with one another forming gap junctions which allow free ionic movement that facilitates intercellular communication. T/f

Back 61

True

Front 62

Cardiac muscle fibres are arranged in a latticework with the fibres dividing,recombining form a syncytium. T/f

Back 62

True

Front 63

Cardiac muscle fibres are arranged in a latticework with the fibres dividing,recombining form a syncytium. T/f

Back 63

True

Front 64

Cardiac muscle consists of two syncytia;

Back 64

Atrial syncytium

Ventricular syncytium

Front 65

The two syncytia are separated by a fibrous tissue of low electrical resistance. T/f

Back 65

False

High electrical resistance

Front 66

Separation of atrial and ventricular syncytia allows for _______

Back 66

Atrioventricular synchrony;

Front 67

Atrial excitation precedes ventricular excitation and thus the mechanical activities. T/f

Back 67

True

Front 68

__________ refers to the action potential of the myocardial cells.

Back 68

Myocardial action potential

Front 69

The resting membrane potential of myocardial cell ≈________.

Back 69

-90mV

Front 70

Duration of myocardial action potential ranges from _________ to __________

Back 70

200ms (atrial muscle) to 400ms (ventricular muscle)

Front 71

The myocardial action potential has five phases( 0 - 5), Mention them

Back 71

Phase 0 : Rapid depolarization

Phase 1 : Early repolarization

Phase 2 : Plateau phase

Phase 3 : Late repolarization

Phase 4 : Resting membrane potential

Front 72

Discuss the ionic activity at each phase

Back 72

Front 73

__________ is the interval during which the muscle does not respond to a stimulus.

Back 73

Refractory period

Front 74

_______ is the interval that the muscle does not respond to any stimulus no matter the strength.

Back 74

Absolute refractory period(ARP)

Front 75

________is the interval during which the muscle may respond to a stimulus of increased strength.

Back 75

Relative refractory period(RRP

Front 76

Cardiac muscle has a long refractory period and therefore not prone to tetanic contractions. T/F

Back 76

True

Front 77

Excitation contraction coupling (ECC) is the process by which _______

Back 77

An action potential triggers the contraction of cardiac muscle cells.

Front 78

____________ serve as the link between electrical excitation and mechanical activity (contraction).

Back 78

Calcium ions

Front 79

Cardiac electrical system or cardiac conduction system is structurally made up of the what components;

Back 79

•Sinoatrial node

•Internodal and interatrial pathways

•Atrioventricular ( AV node)

•His bundle(AV bundle)

•Bundle branches

•Fascicles

•Purkinje fibres