Cellular Biology

Front 1

Kinases

Back 1

attach a phosphate to a protein using ATP

Front 2

Phosphatases

Back 2

Use water to remove the phosphates

Front 3

Heat Shock Proteins

Back 3

chaperones that use ATP to unfold the protein and refold it.

Front 4

E3 - Ubiquitin Ligase

Back 4

attaches ubiquitin pieces (at least 4 to degrade a protein)

Front 5

Proteasomes

Back 5

20s subunit, hollow in the center with proteases to degrade proteins.

Front 6

Phospholipids

Back 6

polar head and non-polar tail(s) that form lipid bilayer

Front 7

Cholesterol

Back 7

Decreases ability of small polar molecule permiability; decreases fluidity; prevents rigidity in cold.

Front 8

Glycolipids

Back 8

Sugar lipids in golgi: protect, communicate, change ion concentration and electric field

Front 9

Integral Proteins

Back 9

Part of lipid bilayer: transmembrane or embedded.

Front 10

Anchored Proteins

Back 10

covalently attached to lipids in the bilayer; often cut free to act as a signal. (ex. G-Protein)

Front 11

Peripheral Proteins

Back 11

non-covalently attached to integral or anchored proteins on either side of membrane

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Active Transport

Back 12

transport requiring ATP or Light

Front 13

Passive transport

Back 13

transport down gradient w/o energy.

Front 14

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 14

Use protein to get molecules to pass down a concentration gradient.

Front 15

Secondary Active Transport

Back 15

move something down its concentration gradient and use the energy to move another molecule against its gradient.

Front 16

Simple Diffusion vs. Carrier-Mediated

Back 16

look at rate substance crosses membrane while increasing the concentration, and graphing. Carrier-Mediated will flatten out because they become saturated

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Rough ER

Back 17

Site of protein synthesis

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Smooth ER

Back 18

Site of Lipid, Phospholipid, Steroid synthesis; Calcium storage; drug detoxification.

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Golgi

Back 19

Lipid transport, protein modification, packaging and sorting.

Front 20

Lysosomes

Back 20

Degradation of old organelles or things from outside.

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Mitochondria

Back 21

generation of free energy in form of ATP

Front 22

Chloroplasts

Back 22

storage of food and pigment molecules; conduct photosynthesis

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Nucleus

Back 23

hold DNA. DNA & RNA synthesis happens here.

Front 24

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Back 24

Recognize the first bit of the peptide coming out of the ribosome and binds to it, then transports it to the destination organelle.

Front 25

SRP receptor, translocon

Back 25

Recognizes the SRP bringing the peptide near the translocon in the membrane.

Front 26

Signal Peptidase

Back 26

cleave off the signal peptide embedded in the membrane, freeing the newly formed protein

Front 27

CopII/CopI

Back 27

Protein that forms vesicles in ER bound for the Golgi. Protein that does the same from Golgi to ER.

Front 28

Clathrin

Back 28

Vesicle forming protein in cell membrane, endosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi

Front 29

Arf, Sar 1 (Rab & SNARE)

Back 29

GTPases - part of protein complex that makes up CopI and CopII, and when bound to GTP increases affinity for vesicle formation complexes to bind

Front 30

KDEL

Back 30

Specific sequence that recruits COPI to bring it back to the ER.

Front 31

Nuclear Envelope

Back 31

Consists of inner nuclear membrane and outer nuclear membrane

Front 32

Perinuclear Space

Back 32

area between the two nuclear membranes (continuous with the lumen of the ER

Front 33

Nuclear Pore Complex

Back 33

Complex of more than 30 proteins that make a pore in the nucleus. Has FG repeats that help things move through

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Nuclear Lamina

Back 34

protein meshwork that lines inner nuclear membrane; provides structural support and role in mitosis (allows nuclear envelope to reform)

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Nucleolus

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Place where ribosomes are created: loops of DNA w/ rRNA sequences

Front 36

snoRNPs

Back 36

modify the rRNA (mature and immature)

Front 37

Importins, exportins, karypherins

Back 37

bind to both the NLS/NES and FG repeats to help things move through the nuclear complex.

Front 38

Ran GEF

Back 38

located on chromatin - naturally high concentration of Ran GTP in nucleus

Front 39

Ran GAP

Back 39

located in the cytosol and there is naturally high concentration of Ran GDP in the cytosol

Front 40

Actin (microfilaments)

Back 40

F Actin made of G actin w/ two proteins joined by ATP.

Front 41

Microtubules

Back 41

made of alpha and beta subunits that have GTP bound but only GTP bound beta is hydrolyzed or exchanged.

Front 42

Myosin

Back 42

binds actin, tend to move toward the + end

Front 43

Dynein and Kinesin

Back 43

two types of microtubule motor proteins. Dynein moves to the - end; Kinesin moves to the + end.

Front 44

Intermediate Filaments

Back 44

Non-polar strands with coiled dimers that form a rope-like structure: easy to bend, very hard to break. Function for mechanical stability.

Front 45

Adherens junction

Back 45

protein cadherin that binds to cadherin in neighboring cell & actin filaments

Front 46

desmosome

Back 46

protein cadherin, uses intermediate filaments to bind along desmoglein in neighboring cell.

Front 47

hemidesmosome

Back 47

protein integrin, anchors cell to extracellular matrix w/ intermediate filaments.

Front 48

Lac Operon

Back 48

Synthesizes proteins required to utilize lactose. Active: no glucose, high lactose (low glucose causes cAMP to rise, binding CAP to DNA near promoter).

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Allolactose

Back 49

Molecule that bind the repressor so Lac Operon can be expressed.

Front 50

Tryptophan Operon

Back 50

Negative Regulation. When tryptophan is high, tryp genes repressed. 2-3 loop stall works, 3-4 loop doesn't.

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Heterochromatin

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more condensed chromatin

Front 52

Euchromatin

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not condensed chromatin: transcriptionally acitve.

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Promoter/TATA box

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DNA sequence found in promoter region. It is the binding site of general transcription factors or histones, involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase.

Front 54

LacZ

Back 54

one of three adjacent genes to lac operon, encodes B-galactosidase

Front 55

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)

Back 55

bacterial enzyme that covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, preventing it from binding on ribosomes.

Front 56

Luciferase

Back 56

class of enzymes used in bioluminescence.

Front 57

Dicer

Back 57

also ribonuclease III, it is an enzyme that cleaves double-stranded RNA and pmiRNA into short double-stranded RNA fragments: siRNA and miRNA capable of degrading mRNA.

Front 58

RISC complex/ RITS complex

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RISC uses siRNA or miRNA as a template for recognizing complementary mRNA for cleaving. RITS is a form of RNA interference

Front 59

miRNA vs. siRNA

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siRNA are typically specific to mRNA sequence while miRNA aren't completely complementary to the mRNA sequence

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S Phase

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Chromosome duplicates

Front 61

M phase

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Chromosome segregation and division (Mitosis)

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Prophase

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DNA bunch condenses - chromosomes compact

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Prometaphase

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breakdown of nuclear envelope; centrioles connect to centromeres

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Metaphase

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DNA line up on equatorial plate

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Anaphase

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chromatids split and migrate to opposite sides

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Telophase

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Chromosome decondenses, nuclear envelope forms

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Cytokinesis

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complete division of cell

Front 68

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk)

Back 68

controls cell-cycle by phosphorylation of proteins activated by cyclin.

Front 69

Cyclin

Back 69

Concentration cycles up and down during cell cycle. 3 types: G1/S, S, M-cyclin.

Front 70

M-Cdk

Back 70

phosphorylates lots of stuff leading to changes of mitosis.

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Cdk-activating kinase (CAK)

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activates M-Cdk by phosphorylation

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Wee1 Kinase

Back 72

Inhibits M-CdK by adding another phosphate

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Cdc25 phosphatase

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reverses Wee1 Kinase phosphorylation

Front 74

Separase

Back 74

inactive when combined with securin.

Front 75

APC/C

Back 75

activates Separase by breaking securin and degrading it.