Cells And Their Functions

Front 1

》stops the cell contents from escaping and controls the substances that are allowed to enter and leave the cell.

》 double layer of phospholipid molecules

Back 1

Cell Membrane

Front 2

》formed by a nuclear membrane

》CONTROL CENTER of the cell.

Back 2

Nucleous

Front 3

dense region of (ribonucleic acid) RNA and is the SITE OF RIBOSOME FORMATION

Back 3

Nucleolus

Front 4

》gel-like fluid inside the cell.

》MEDIUM OF CHEMICAL REACTION

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Cytoplasm

Hint 4

Cell expansion, growth, and replication is carried out here.

Front 5

round-shaped organelles that SYNTHESIZE PROTEIN in the cell.

Back 5

Ribosomes

Front 6

》nuclear envelope and cell membrane.

》INTERNAL TRANSFERRING SYSTEM that transfer substances from one part to another inside the cell,

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 7

with ribosomes attached

Back 7

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Front 8

without ribosomes

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Front 9

》series of flat membrane-bound sacs

》receives the molecules of substances secreted by the ER across a group of transporting vesicles.

Back 9

Golgi Apparatus (Complex or Body)

Front 10

》sac-like membranous organelles.

》main storehouse for the respiratory enzymes in the cell.

》where aerobic respiration occurs

Back 10

Mitochondria (Powerhouse)

Front 11

membranous sacs that store water, nutrients and the waste materials of the cell unit it gets rid them.

Back 11

Vacuoles

Front 12

》small, round, membranous vesicles formed by golgi bodies. 》get rid of worn and senile cells and organelles that no longer have benefits.

》small, round, membranous vesicles formed by golgi bodies. 》get rid of worn and senile cells and organelles that no longer have benefits.

Back 12

Lysosomes

Front 13

plays an important role during cell division

Back 13

Centrosomes

Front 14

found in pairs and move forward thepoles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it time for cell division.

Back 14

Centrioles

Front 15

photograph or image of a specimen taken using an electron microscope.

Back 15

ELectron Micrographs

Front 16

a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and usingelectron lenses.

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Electron Microscope

Front 17

》produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts

》UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY MOLECULE OF CELLS

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 18

double stranded

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DNA

Front 19

single stranded

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RNA

Front 20

chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Back 20

Hydrolysis

Front 21

process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.

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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

Front 22

covalent bond formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another

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Peptide Bond

Front 23

》Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together.

》create surface TENSION

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Cohesion

Front 24

hydrogen bonds in water allow for the water molecules to be held to another substance.

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Adhesion

Front 25

amount of heat absorbed or lost

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Specific heat capacity

Front 26

UNIVERSAL SOLVENT because more substances dissolve in water than inany other chemical.

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Water

Front 27

the ability to dissolve many compounds, thereby forming aqueous solutions with these compounds.

Back 27

Solvent Action

Front 28

used as an indicator of the presence of protein because it gives a purple color in the presence of peptide bonds

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Biuret Test

Front 29

MODE OF ACTION OF ENZYMES

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》Substrate

》Active Site

》Induced fit

》Catalyst

Front 30

the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.

Back 30

Substrate

Front 31

region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Back 31

Active Site

Front 32

continuous change in the conformation and shape of an enzyme in response to substrate binding.

Back 32

Induced fit

Front 33

substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate

Back 33

Catalyst

Front 34

EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES

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》Lipase

》Amylase

》Proteass

》Cofactors

》Coenzymes

Front 35

type of protein made by your pancreas taht helps you body digest fats.

Back 35

Lipase

Front 36

》responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose

》PRESENT IN SALIVA

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Amylase

Front 37

enzymes that break thevpeptide bond that joins amino acids

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Protease

Front 38

typically metal ions

Back 38

Cofactors

Front 39

organic molecules

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Coenzymes

Front 40

can function both inside cells (intracellular) and outside cells (extracellular).

Back 40

Enzymes

Front 41

inside cells are responsible for catalyzing the millions of reactions that occur in metabolic pathways

Back 41

Intracellular Enzymes

Front 42

》synthesized inside the cell and then secreted outside the cell

》break down complex macromolecules into smaller units

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Extracellular Enzymes/ Exoenzymes

Front 43

structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

Back 43

Chromosomes

Front 44

》In eukaryotes, the DNA-protein complex is called?

Back 44

Chromatin (Histones)

Front 45

one half of duplicated chromosomes

Back 45

Chromatid

Front 46

sister chromatids are held together at the?

Back 46

Centromere

Front 47

protect DNA

Back 47

Telomeres

Front 48

process of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

in which the cell divides into two,producing a replica with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cells

Back 48

Mitosis

Front 49

type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half producing two haploidcells.

Back 49

Meiosis

Front 50

Main fabric of the membrane

Back 50

Phospholipids

Front 51

》Attached between phospholipids and between the two phospholipid layers

》stabilize phospholipid bilayer and regulate fluidity of phospholipid

Back 51

Cholesterol

Front 52

Embedded within the phospholipid layer(s). May or may not penetrate through both layers

Back 52

Integral proteins

Front 53

》On the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer

》not embedded within the phospholipids

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Peripheral proteins

Front 54

Generally attached to proteins on the outside membrane layer

Back 54

Carbohydrates (components ofglycoproteins and glycolipids)

Front 55

》Receptors

》Cell-cell recognition

》(form hydrogen bonds with water outside stabilizing membrane)

Back 55

Glycoproteins

Front 56

》lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

》maintain the stability of the cellmembrane and to facilitate cellular recognition

Back 56

Glycolipids

Front 57

facilitate diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane.

Back 57

Carrier proteins

Front 58

facilitate the transport of substances across a cell membrane.

Back 58

Channel proteins

Front 59

specialized integral membrane proteins that take part in communication between the cell and the outside of the cell.

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Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors and transmembrane receptors)

Front 60

special proteins and carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane

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Cell surface antigen

Front 61

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Back 61

Diffusion

Front 62

allows selective movement in and out of the cell membrane

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Facilitated diffusion

Front 63

net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential

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Osmosis

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tendency of water to move across a membrane

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Water potential

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proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

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Solute potential (osmotic potential)

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process which energy isbused to move the particles of a substance against a concentration gradient

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Active Transport

Front 67

when molecules are yoo large to move through a channel protein

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Bulk Transport

Front 68

movement of substances INTO the cell

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Endocytosis

Front 69

movement of substances OUT of the cell

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Exocytosis