Cell Structure And Function

Front 1

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 1

Articular bone surfaces, nose, trachea, etc

Front 2

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 2

External ear, epiglottis, etc

Front 3

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 3

Intervertebral disks, tendon-bone junctions, etc

Front 4

Name the 4 parts found in the amorphous matrix of hyaline cartilage

Back 4

1. Type II collagen
2. High concentration of proteoglycans (aggrecan) linked to hyaluronic acid
3. Chondronectin
4. Capsule/Territorial matrix

Front 5

What is the function of type II collagen?

Back 5

Provides resistance to shear forces, bestows the correct shape, and determines the maximum volume of the tissue.

Front 6

T/F The restriction of proteoglycan aggregates by type II collagen creates a swelling pressure that keeps the tissue turgid and provides resistance to compression?

Back 6

True

Front 7

T/F Chondronectin is a structural glycoprotein?

Back 7

True

Front 8

Describe the characteristics of chondrocytes

Back 8

a. Found in lacunae-no cell-cell contacts
b. Physical pressures distributed in matrix so chondrocytes are not crushed by body weight
c. Fed by diffusion from perichondrium; this limits the thickness of cartilage plates

Front 9

T/F Hyaline cartilage is vascular?

Back 9

False, it is avascular and pathological angiogenesis leads to calcification of the cartilage and replacement by bone

Front 10

Describe the 4 characteristics of perichondrium

Back 10

a. Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the cartilage
b. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
c. Not on articular surfaces or at bone-cartilage junctions
d. Source of chondroblasts

Front 11

Describe the 2 means of growth for hyaline cartilage

Back 11

1. Appositional
2. Interstitial

Front 12

Describe the 2 characteristics of appositional growth

Back 12

1. New matrix is deposited on the existing cartilage surface by chondroblasts in the perichondrium.
2. Chondrocytes arise from "trapped" chondroblasts

Front 13

Describe the 3 characteristics of interstitial growth

Back 13

1. Produced by proliferation of chondrocytes
2. Creates cell nests-isogenous groups-isogenous aggregates
3. May have more than one cell per lacunae

Front 14

What is the differences between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

Back 14

Elastic cartilage contains a high concentration of elastic fibers for greater resiliency and chondrocytes in elastic cartilage are often large

Front 15

Name 3 characteristic features of fibrocartilage

Back 15

1. Transition tissue with elements of both hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous tissue
2. In intervertebral disks, tendon-bone junctions
3. Is not surrounded by perichondrium

Front 16

Describe the process of Biogenesis

Back 16

First dense connective tissue is formed; then some fibroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts and secrete cartilaginous matrix; these cells become chondrocytes.

Front 17

What are the functions of bone?

Back 17

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Hematopoiesis
4. Regulation of calcium levels in plasma (Calcitonin ↑ depostion, parathormone ↑ release)
5. Heavy metal trap

Front 18

What is the function of type I collagen and is the result of vitamin C deficiency?

Back 18

Flexibility; results in too little collagen and causes scurvy

Front 19

What is the function of Hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate) and what is the name of the disease that results from low calcification?

Back 19

Incompressiblity; Rickets

Front 20

Name the 6 things found in the lamellae of bone tissue

Back 20

1. Type I collagen
2. Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
3. Calcium-binding glycoproteins
4. Osteocytes in lacunae
5. Blood vessels and nerves pass through Haversian canals interconnected by Volkmann's canals
6. Other Lamellae (circumferential-inner and outer; intertstitial

Front 21

Resting Zone

Back 21

Quiescent cartilage

Front 22

Proliferative Zone

Back 22

Cell division & matrix production increases length of bone

Front 23

Hypertrophic Cartilage Zone

Back 23

Cell size increase, matrix production and compression between cell columns

Front 24

Calcified Cartilage Zone

Back 24

Cells degenerate, cartilage calcified

Front 25

Ossification Zone

Back 25

Bone tissue laid on cartilage spicules

Front 26

What are the 6 stages of bone formation?

Back 26

1. Resting Zone
2. Proliferative Zone
3. Hypertrophic Cartilage Zone
4. Calcified Cartilage Zone
5. Ossification Zone
6. Remodeling

Front 27

What 2 things are bone remodeling actively dependent on?

Back 27

1. Growth hormone
2. Paracrine growth factors

Front 28

T/F Increase in bone diameter occurs from appositional growth of cortical bone, not from epiphyseal plate

Back 28

True

Front 29

Corticosteroid-induced osteopenia

Back 29

Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity

Front 30

Osteopetrosis

Back 30

Decreased osteoclast activity results in over growth of bone that can obliterate the bone marrow cavity and thereby result in anemia and immune deficiency.

Front 31

What are the 3 steps of endochondral ossification (long bones)?

Back 31

1. Formation of cartilage model
2. Formation of periosteal collar
3. Calcification of diaphyseal cartilage and formation of periosteal bud-primary center of ossification.

Front 32

Describe the 4 steps of fracture repair

Back 32

1. Blood clots and damaged bone are removed
2. Cells in the periosteum and endosteum proliferate to form a "temporary patch" (weeks)
3. A bone callus is formed by both intramembranous and endochondral ossification (months)
4. Eventually the callus is resorbed and the bone remodeled to restore its original structure (years)

Front 33

What are 3 characteristics of the synovial membrane?

Back 33

1. Connective tissue with fenestrated blood vessels
2. No epithelium or basal lamina on surface
3. Lined by macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes

Front 34

What are the functions of the synovial fluid

Back 34

Lubricate, nutrients for articular cartilage, stability, filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins, few cells

Front 35

Intramembranous ossification forms what?

Back 35

Cranial Vault: frontal, parietal, upper portions of occipital