Cell Cycle/ Mitosis

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Gap 1

Back 1

*The cell makes a variety of proteins that are needed for DNA application

*Grows in size

*Produces RNA

*Ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis

*Synthesizes organelles

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Synthesis

Back 2

*Chromosomes replicated---> New DNA synthesized

*End of phase: Cell has twice as much DNA

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Gap 2

Back 3

*Cell continues to grow & produce new proteins

*Acts as a final checkpoint before entering mitosis.

*Shortest of the 3 phases

*Many organelles and molecules which are required for cell division are produced.

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Prophase

Back 4

*1st stage

*The chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Metaphase

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*2nd stage

*Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell to prepare for division.

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Anaphase

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*Separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nuclear of a parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells

*Ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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Telophase

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*Final phase of cell division

*Begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated to opposite sides of the cell

*QA nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

*Chromosomes uncoil

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Cytokinesis

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*Physical process of cell division

*Divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

*Ensures that one nuclear ends up in each daughter cell

*Occurs concurrently with two types called Mitosisane Meiosis

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chromosomes-

Back 9

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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binary fission-

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A kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells.

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cell division-

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The division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.

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chromatin-

Back 12

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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somatic cells-

Back 13

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

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sister chromatids-

Back 14

pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division.

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centromere-

Back 15

The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.

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cell cycle-

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A series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.

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interphase-

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The resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

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mitosis-

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A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

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mitotic spindle-

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The macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis.

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MTOC-

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The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus, which separate the chromosomes during cell division.

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cleavage furrow-

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The indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

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cell plate-

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A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

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anchorage dependence-

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The need for cells to be in contact with a solid surface to divide

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Growth factors

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Proteins that stimulate division

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Density-Dependent inhibition

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In which crowded cells stop dividing

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Benign tumors

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A mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. It remains at the original site(doesn't spread) and is non-cancerous.

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Malignant Tumors

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are cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumors can spread to other locations, called metasis.

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DNA | Identify

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(A) Adenine

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DNA | Identify

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(T) Thymine

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DNA | Identify

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(G) Guanine

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DNA | Identify

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(C) Cytosine

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DNA|What holds DNA strands together?

Back 32

Hydrogen bonds between bases on adjacent strands.

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DNA| Which strands always pair with each other?

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Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)

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What stages are in interphase?

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Gap 1, S (DNA synthesis), Gap 2.

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What stages are in Mitosis?

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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, Telophase/cytokinesis.

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Cancer| Cancer cells _____ _____ on the cell cycle

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Escape controls

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Cancer|Three things cancer cells do:

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-Divide rapidly, often in absence of growth factors

-Spread to other tissues through the circulatory system

-Grow without being inhabited by other cells

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Cancer|What is a tumor?

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An abnormally growing mass of body cells

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Cancer|Which kind of tumor is non-cancerous and does not spread?

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Benign tumors

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Cancer|Which kind of tumor is cancerous and spreads?

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Malignant tumors

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Normal Cells|What 3 things are cell division controlled by?

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*Growth Factors: Proteins that stimulate division

*Density-dependent inhibition: In which crowded cells stop dividing

*Anchorage dependence: The need for cells to be in contact with a solid surface to divide.

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Normal Cells|What are three checkpoints and what do they do?

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1. G1

-Allows entry into the S phase of

Causes the cell to leave the cycle, entering a non dividing G0 phase.

2.G2:

- when the cell prepares for mitosis or meiosis. it checks DNA for any damage that might have occurred during replication. It also ensures all the proteins needed for cell division are present.

3. M (Mitosis)

-Cells Divide duplicated chromosomes.

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Normal Cells|What is the cycle control system?

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A cycling set of molecules in the cell that:

-Trigger

-Coordinates key events in the cell cycle

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Normal Cells|Cell checkpoints in the cell cycle can:

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-Stop and event or

-Signal an event to proceed

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DNA|What does DNA consist of?

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-Deoxyribose sugar (5-Carbon Sugar

-Polynucleotides: The two strands

-Nitrogenous bases- ATGC (Genetic code)

-A phosphate group

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DNA|Which bases are Purine?

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(A) adenine and (G) guanine

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DNA|Which bases are Pyrimidine?

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(T) thymine and (C) cytosine

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What stage is this?

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Interphase

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What stage is this?

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Prophase

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What stage is this?

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Metaphase

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What stage is this?

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Anaphase

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What stage is this?

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Telophase/cytokinesis

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Interphase:

Chromosomes duplicate and the copies remain attached to each other

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Prophase:

In the nucleus, chromosomes condense and become visible. In the cytoplasm, the spindle forms

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Prometaphase

The nuclear membrane breaks apart, and the spindle starts to interact with the chromosomes

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Metaphase

The copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Anaphase

Chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to opposite ends of the spindle.

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Telophase

Nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes behind to spread out, and the spindle begins to break down.

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What stage is this and what happens during it?

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Cytokinesis

The cell splits into two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent. In humans, such cells have two copies of 23 chromosomes and are called diploid.

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What interphase phase is this?

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G1

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What interphase phases is this?

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S and G2

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7 differences between regular cells and cancer cells

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Cancer:

-Large number of dividing cells

-Large, variable shaped nuclei

-Small cytoplasmic volume relative to nuclei

-Variation in cell shape and size

-Loss of normal specialized cell features

-Disorganized arrangement of cells

-poorly defined tumor boundary

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What are 1,2,3, and 4

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1: A sister chromatid

2: centromere

3: Sister chromatid

4:Chromatin (DNA+Proteins)