Cell Cycle / Mitosis

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What is a Parent Cell

Back 1

The original Cell

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What are daughter cells

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2 genetically identical cells from a parent cell

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What is Genome

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This is the entire genetic material (DNA) for an organisim or cell.

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What is the genome length in humans

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The genome length is about 2m or 7ft per cell.

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What are the 2 different appearances of DNA in a cell?

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Chromatin and Chromosomes

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Chromatin

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This is the loose state of DNA. Looks like a bowl of spaghetti. The DNA can be moved around to find a gene of importance.

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Chromosomes

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This is the tightly coiled up state of DNA. These are for dividing quickly and easily.

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Somatic Cells

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These are the cells that make up the majority of an organism. Their chromosomal content is 2n or diploid. (They get half n from father and the other half n from mother)

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What is Haploid or n

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Haploid is half of the chromosomal content in a cell. For humans there are 46 chromosomes. One n would be 23 from mom. Another n would be 23 from dad.

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Histones

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These are the proteins that help DNA coil up to form chromosomes needed for division. (Like a fork in the spaghetti)

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Sister Chromatids

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This term refers to half of a duplicated chromosome. Two halves are held together by a centromere which is a group of proteins.

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Centromere

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A group of proteins that holds two chromatids together to form a chromosome.

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Cell cycle phases

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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

IPMATC ~ I pee mostly at the church

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Interphase

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Cells spend 90% of their existence in this phase. It consist of 3 main parts, G1, synthesis, and G2. It has 2 major checkpoints.

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G1 (Interphase)

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This is also known as primary or first growth. This is ordinary, everyday growth, activity, or repair of the cell. The cell is growing and doing its job. The first checkpoint is at the end of this stage. It is called "point of no return". The cell is too big and must divide or commit apoptosis.

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Synthesis (Interphase)

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The DNA replicates or is synthesized in this stage. In humans we go from 46 chromosomes (2n) to 92 chromosomes (4n).

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G2 (Interphase)

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Reffered to as secondary or second growth. The cells organells mainly enlarge or replicate. The second checkpoint occurs at the end of this stage. This checkpoint assures the cell has everything it needs to split equally. If it does it proceeds, if it does not it stops and makes what is needed.

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Mitosis

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Mitosis means nucleus division. It first divides the DNA, and then the cytoplasm. Mitosis consist of 4 main parts. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

PMAT

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Prophase (Mitosis)

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"Pro" means first. The nuclear envelope is broken down and rearranged to make the spindle apparatus. The chromatin condenses to form x shaped chromosomes ( 2 chromatids). centrioles move twords opposite sides of the cell (the poles) , this is only in animal cells plant cells use the cell wall as the centrioles.

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

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"Meta" means middle. The replicated chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate ( the middle of the cell ) they all lined up on the equator. The spindle apparatuses attaches to the kineticores ( a part of a centromere ) and the centrioles. The third Checkpoint happens at the end of this phase. This checkpoint ensures all the chromosomes are lined up in the middle and are ready to divide.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

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"Ana" means apart. The replicated chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids and each chromatid moves twords opposite poles. The spindle apparatus breaks down as the sister chromatids are "walked" towards the poles by the motor protein using ATP.

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Telophase (Mitosis)

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"Telo" means last. Also think of T for Two. Two necli are being formed. The nuclear envelope is rebuilt around the chromatids using the broken down spindle apparatus pieces. The Chromatids began to condense back to their chromatin state. A cleavage furrow begins to form using actin and myosin microfillaments.

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Cytokensis

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Cytokensis is the division of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm and cell organells are separated to produce two daughter cells.

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G⁰

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Some cells will go into G⁰. This phase would be after G1 and would prevent the cell from going through the rest of the cell cycle which means these cells cannot reproduce. An example of these cells are neurons. That is why nervous tissue is not repaired when it is damaged.

Some cells can go into G⁰ and come out after a long period of time to complete the cell cycle.

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Spindle Apparatus

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These structures are formed from the broken down cytoskeleton and nuclear envelope. (Recycled) the construction starts at the centrosome which is just two centrioles and then works its way towards the chromosomes. They then attach to the replicated chromosomes. Motor protein walks the sister chromatids toward opposite poles using ATP by phosphorylatation. Non kineticore spindles are used to push the poles farther apart to help produce the cleavage furrow.

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Cell Plate

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Plant Cells do not have centrioles because they have cell walls to anchor to. The new cell wall "plate" develops, using small segments of cellulose. Instead of of a cleavage furrow.

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What is the process of cell reproduction / replication in prokaryotes (bacteria)

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Binary Fission

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Binary Fission

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Process of reproduction in prokaryote cells. It has 3 main phases, G1, synthesis, and cytokenesis.

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Synthesis (Binary Fission)

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DNA replication starts at the "origin" and works around the entire single circular chromosome, resulting in two identical chromosomes in the nucleoid region

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Cytokenesis (Binary Fission)

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A cleavage furrow is quickly produced using actin and myosin microfillaments. The cell is split resulting in two identical cells referred to as clones.

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Why is regulation or "control" important in the cell cycle?

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Regulation is crucial for normal growth and development. Cells would reproduce out of hand without it. Regulation varies for each different type of cell.

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The regulation of the cell cycle is controlled by what molecules?

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Cyclins

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How many main checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

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3

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What is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle?

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The first check point is reffered to as the "point of no return". It is at the end of G1 and it means the cell must split or commit apoptosis.

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What is the second checkpoint in the cell cycle?

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The second checkpoint is at the end of G2. It ensures the cell has everything it needs to split equally. It makes sure there are two sets of everything.

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What is the third checkpoint of the cell cycle?

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The third checkpoint is at the end of Metaphase. This checkpoint makes sure all of the replicated chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell and they are all attached to spindle fibers.

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Cancer Cells

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No checkpoints exists. Cells divide uncontrollably and very quickly. Cancer starts with a mutation in the DNA.

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Tumor

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Abnormal growth

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What are the 2 main types of cancer

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Benign and Malignant

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Benign cancer

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It is encapsulated "like a tennis ball". This kind is non-invasive and usually not deadly. It is easier to cure with removal of the tumor.

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Malignant cancer

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"The crab" This kind is invasive. It grows between cells, destroying tissues. It can be deadly. It is normally treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.