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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who first discovered the microscope?
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Robert Hooke
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Who refined the first microscope?
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Anton Leewenhoek
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Which scientist is credited with the discovery of cells?
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Robert Hooke
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Which scientist concluded that plant were made of cells and that the plant embryo arose from a single cell?
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Matthias Schleiden
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List the three tenets of the cell theory.
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All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural unit of life. Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell. |
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Which scientists are responsible for the cell theory?
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Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Swann, and Rudolf Virchow
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What is the most basic property of cells?
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life
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What are the smallest units to exhibit the property of life?
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cells
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Parts of a cell deteriorate when isolated from a cell; however, when cells are removed from a plant or animal they...
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grow and reproduce
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What were the first HUMAN cells to be cultured and from whom were they taken?
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HeLa cells obtained from a malignant tumor; Henrietta Lacks
These cancerous cells can be grown indefinitely and are still being grown today in laboratories. |
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Cells grown ____________ have become essential to scientists because they are much easier to study than cells grown within the body.
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in vitro - outside the body
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Cell biology is reductionist, which means...
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that studying the parts of the whole can explain the character of the whole; to take things apart at the most basic level
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What is the smallest unit of life?
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cells
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List the 9 basic properties of cells. Cells must be able to carry out ALL of these life processes.
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complex and organized
have a genetic program (DNA) and means to use it capable of replicating/reproducing acquire and utilize energy carry out a variety of chemical reactions engage in mechanical activities respond to stimuli capable of self regulation (homeostasis) evolve |
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The apical surface of each cell, which faces the channel of the intestine, contains a large number of _____________ which...
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microvilli, which are involved in absorption of nutrients
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The basal region of each cell contains large numbers of _________________, which...
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mitochondria, which provide the energy required to fuel various membrane transport processes in the cell (provide energy to the cell)
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In the case of cells, complexity can be considered in terms of order and consistency. Explain the order and consistency of cells.
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ORDER: Since cells are such complex structures, there are a great number of parts that must be in place, less room for error, and must have regulation or control in order to maintain the system. Cellular activities are precise (ex: DNA replication).
CONSISTENCY: Each type of cell has a consistent appearance when viewed under a microscope. Organelles have a particular shape and location from one species to another. Also, each type of organelle has a consistent composition of macromolecules, which are arranged in a predictable pattern. |
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Organisms are built according to information encoded in a collection of ___________, which are constructed of ___________.
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genes, which are constructed of DNA
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Where is the vast amount of genetic information (collection of genes made of DNA) packaged?
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in a set of chromosomes in the cell's nucleus
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What 3 things do genes encode information for?
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cellular structure, cellular reproduction, and cellular activities
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All living cells today use ________ as the primary nucleic acid.
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DNA
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What controls which genes or "on" or "off" and can heritably modify up to 5 generations?
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epigenetics - additional modifications to DNA that do not change the sequence
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What has "junk DNA" recently been discovered to be?
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as possible regulatory regions (control checkpoints), or even regulatory RNAs
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In what way are cells capable of producing more of themselves?
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Cells reproduce through mitosis and each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.
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The egg cell is the largest cell that the human body produces. In what way are egg cells produced?
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through meiosis and is used for sexual reproduction of an organism
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Every biological process requires the input of energy. Practically all of the energy utilized by life on Earth comes in the form of __________________________ from the sun.
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electromagnetic radiation
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Nearly all organism rely on ___________ as their primary source of fuel.
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glucose (sugar); Our cells are optimized for that one simple sugar. However, there are other sources of energy.
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By which process is light energy converted into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates?
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photosynthesis
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For most animal cells, energy arrives prepackaged in the form of _____________.
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glucose
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Once in a cell, glucose is disassembled in a such a way that it can be stored in a more readily available form, usually as ________.
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ATP
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Which molecules are required for practically all chemical changes that take place in cells?
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enzymes - molecules that greatly increase the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs
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The sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell represents the cell's _______________.
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metabolism
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What are most cells covered with that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways?
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receptors - communicate the external world to the cell
Cells have receptors to hormones, growth factors, and extracellular materials, as well as to substances on the surfaces of other cells. |
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What provides pathways through which external stimuli can evoke specific responses in target cells?
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receptors
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In what way may cells respond to stimuli?
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by altering their metabolic activities, moving from one place to another, or even committing suicide
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Many cells will stop dividing when they physically contact other cells and the population is such that all cells are touching and there are no gaps. What is this called?
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being confluent
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Cells are robust, which means that they are hearty and durable. Why?
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because they are protected from dangerous fluctuations in composition and behavior
Cells must be able to maintain relatively consistent internal environments despite a fluctuating outside world. |
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Which features of the cell suggest that all cells are derived from one common ancestor (LUCA)?
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common genetic code, plasma membrane, and ribosomes
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What has led to more complex forms of cells with more internal organelles?
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endosymbiosis
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How does cellular reproduction differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotes - simple fission
eukaryotes - mitosis (requires chromosome-separating apparatus called the mitotic spindle) |
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What is the intracellular transport called?
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cytoskeleton
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How are the classes of cells distinguished?
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by the organelles
Prokaryotes have a simpler structure and include bacteria; originated ~3.7 billion years ago Eukaryotes are more complex and include protists, animals, plants, and fungi. |
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What two important factors do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?
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a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (cytoplasm)
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Where is the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell held?
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in the nucleoid - a poorly defined part of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm
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Which particles do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain that produce proteins?
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ribosomes
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Even though true sexual reproduction is lacking among prokaryotes, some are capable of ______________, in which...
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conjugation - a piece of DNA is passed from one cell to another
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What is the difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?
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locomotion
The movement of a prokaryotic cell may be accomplished by a thin filament called flagellum--protrudes from the cell and rotates. (numerous flagella, consists largely of a single protein called flagellin) Certain eukaryotic cells contain flagella also, but these versions are much more complex and control movement by a different mechanism. (single flagella) |
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What particle gives rise to green plants and an oxygen-rich atmosphere?
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cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria are capable of which two processes?
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photosynthesis - splitting water molecules to release oxygen
nitrogen fixation - the conversion of nitrogen (N2) gas into reduced forms of oxygen that can be used by cells to make compounds such as amino acids and nucleotides |
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What is the Endosymbiont Theory? Why do we think this?
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Organelles in eukaryotic cells (mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells.
WHY? Chloroplasts and mitochondria have a double membrane layer, suggesting that they "invaded" a host cell. Chloroplast DNA is more closely related to cyanobacteria, while mitochondrial DNA resembles proteobacteria. They also replicate independently. |
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What was Woese's proposal of the three domains of life based upon?
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comparisons of rRNA sequence
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What are the results of lateral gene transfer (LGT)?
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organisms with both parental DNA and DNA from other organisms in the environment
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Informational genes (transcription and translation) seem to be more closely related to ________________.
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Archaea
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Operational genes (enzymes, amino acid production, etc.) seem to more closely related to _________________.
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Eubacteria
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What is the term that describes the process in which unspecialized cells become more complex and specialized in structure and function?
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differentiation - occurs during embryonic development in other multicellular organisms
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What is the term that describes undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation?
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stem cells
Adult stem cells can be used to replace damaged or diseased adult tissue. |
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What kind of stem cells can produce blood cells in bone marrow?
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hematopoietic stem cells
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Embryonic stem cells have a greater potential for differentiation than adult stem cells because they are..
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pluripotent - capable of differentiating into every type of cell in the body
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How must embryonic stem (ES) cells be differentiated?
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in vitro - outside the body
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In what units are cells commonly measured?
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micrometers and nanometers
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How is cell size limited?
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by the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by genes and exchange of nutrients, and by the distance in which substances can travel through cytoplasm via diffusion.
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What is the goal of synthetic biology?
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to create a living cell in the laboratory
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What was the first synthetic life form?
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Synthia - synthetic genome heavily based on bacteria that causes mastitis (udder infection) in goats
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Viruses are not cells, instead they are ______________.
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pathogens
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What is the term that describes a virus particle outside of the host cell?
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virion
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Genetic material in a virus can be...
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DNA or RNA
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What is the term used to describe pathogens which consist of a small, naked RNA molecule?
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viroids
Viroids cause disease by interfering with gene expression in host cells. |
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In a virus, what particle binds to the surface of a host cell?
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surface proteins
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