Cell Bio- Procaryotic Cell

Front 1

Where is chromosomal DNA in a procaryot?

Back 1

In the nucleoid. Not bounded by membrane, the cell has no regular nucleus.

Front 2

Size?

Back 2

About 1 micrometer

Front 3

Basic structure of a procaryotic cell?

Back 3

- Nucleoid (DNA)
- Cytoplasm
- Plasma membrane & cell wall

- Some have flagellum
- Procaryots do not contain mitochondria or chloroplast

Front 4

What is a Nucleoid?

Back 4

- (Meaning nucleus- like)
- A irregular, non-membrane area where DNA is located.
- Contains one molecule of double stranded DNA (procaryotic chromosome) and proteins.

Front 5

Procaryotic chromosome?

Back 5

- Mostly circular
- Arranged in the form of loops attatched to plasma membrane
- Double stranded DNA (Only viruses have single stranded)

Front 6

Arraignment of procaryotic chromosome?

Back 6

- Mostly circular
- Arraigned in the form of loops and attached to plasma membrane
- ds DNA
- Only VIRUSES have single stranded DNA

Front 7

Why is there no mitosis in procaryots?

Back 7

Because the cell is haploid

Front 8

What does circular DNA mean?

Back 8

Not that it is circular like a ring, but that it does not have a beginning and a end

Front 9

Proteins in the Nucleoid?

Back 9

HLP (histone like proteins) and other proteins

Front 10

How many genes in procaryotic chromosome?
Are they indispensable?

Back 10

-1000- 4000
- All genes in procaryotic chromosome are indispensable for the life of the procaryotic cell

Front 11

What is the replication origin in procaryotic chromosome and how many is there?

Back 11

- Whole procaryotic chromosome function as a replicon.
- It has one replication origin
- The chromosome is attached to plasma membrane by replication origin

Front 12

What is a plsamid?

Back 12

- Represents a small circular double stranded DNA
- It involves genes which are not indispensable for life of a procaryotic cell (Not all procaryots have plsamids)

Front 13

F- plasmid:

Back 13

Genes indispensable for conjugation

Front 14

R- plasmids:

Back 14

Genes producing resistance to antibiotics. Are very important because genes in these plasmids produce antibiotics

Front 15

Can plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal DNA?
Where are they usually found?

Back 15

Yes.
In bacteria.

Front 16

How is the procaryotic cytoplasm?

Back 16

Without cytoskeleton and mostly without organelles

Front 17

What organelle do procaryotic cytoplasm contain?

Back 17

- Ribosomes (70s): 5S- rRNA, 16S-rRNA, 23S- rRNA

Front 18

What happens in procaryotic ribosomes? Difference between procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes?

Back 18

- Translation occurs in ribosomes
- Smaller then eucaryotic ribosomes

Front 19

What happens in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell?

Back 19

- DNA replication
- DNA transcription
- mRNA translation

Front 20

Do all procaryots have cell wall?

Back 20

Most of them, except Mycoplasma

Front 21

Structure and function of the cell wall?

Back 21

- Polymer of peptidoglycans (sugar with protein)
- Are responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall

Front 22

Gram- positive bacteria:

Back 22

cell wall only from peptidoglycans (stained)

Front 23

Gram- negative bacteria:

Back 23

cell wall supplemented with a liposaccharide coat that protects the bacteria from staining. Thick cell layer

Front 24

Size of a procaryotic cell?

Back 24

1-10 micrometers. Generally significantly smaller then eukaryotic cells.

Front 25

Shape:

Back 25

- Spherical (cocci)
- Rod- shaped
- Spiral

Front 26

Metabolism:

Back 26

Prokaryotes exert significantly higher variability in biochemical capabilities, including capability of acquiring energy, then eukaryotes.

Front 27

Phototropic:

Back 27

Prokaryotes acquire energy from sunlight (photosynthesis)
Are "Autotrophs"

Front 28

Chemotrophic:
2 main types:

Back 28

Procaryotes that acquire energy from oxidation of chemicals.
1. Lithotrophic: Acquire energy form oxidation of inorganic chemicals (H2S, Fe2+)
2. Organotropic: Acquire energy form oxidation of organic chemicals by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation

Front 29

Aerobic:

Back 29

procaryotes that acquire oxygen for their metabolism

Front 30

Anaerobic:

Back 30

procaryotes that require the absence of oxygen for their metabolism

Procaryotes are capable of living under extreme conditions seemingly incompatible with life

Front 31

Domains?

Back 31

Represent basic taxonomic groups (evolutional lines) of organisms

Front 32

What kind of cell are bacteria and archaea?

Back 32

Prokaryotic cells. But archaea seem to be evolutionally closer to eukaryotes then to bacteria

Front 33

Chromosomal structure of bacteria?

Back 33

chromosomal DNA is not organized in structures similar to nucleosomes

Front 34

Chromosomal structure of archaea?

Back 34

chromosomal DNA is organized in structures similar to nucleosomes

Front 35

Do bacteria have introns?

Back 35

Bacteria have genes without introns