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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The individual credited for coining the term cancer is
A)

Paget.
B)

Hippocrates.
C)

Folkman.
D)

Rous.
E)

Aristotle.
B)

Hippocrates.
The most frequently encountered category of cancer is
A)

carcinoma.
B)

sarcoma.
C)

lymphoma.
D)

leukemia.
E)

both C and D
A)

carcinoma.
Which of the following statements regarding cancer is FALSE?
A)

Rate of cell division is critical.
B)

Balance between differentiation and proliferation is important.
C)

As cells become more differentiated, their capacity to divide decreases.
D)

Balance in cell growth is achieved when division results in no net gain of cells.
E)

In tumor cells, division and differentiation are uncoupled.
A)

Rate of cell division is critical.
A cell that has lost its capacity to grow in vitro as a monolayer is now
A)

benign.
B)

malignant.
C)

transformed.
D)

anchorage-independent.
E)

free-ranging.
D)

anchorage-independent.
The group of proteins associated with the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix are the
A)

integrins.
B)

monolins.
C)

MHC.
D)

matrix metalloproteins.
E)

RAS proteins.
A)

integrins.
Aneuploidy (the gain or loss of chromsomes) is associated with which protein molecule in cancer cells?
A)

pRB
B)

p53
C)

Myc
D)

Blc-2
E)

all of the above
B)

p53
A new compound developed in the lab was tested as a DNA mutagen. When the Ames test was performed, the results were numerous bacterial colonies following exposure. This result means
A)

the chemical is safe.
B)

the chemical is radioactive.
C)

the chemical is a carcinogen and a low-mutagen.
D)

the chemical is a mutagen and may also be a carcinogen.
E)

the chemical can be moved to human trials.
D)

the chemical is a mutagen and may also be a carcinogen.
Telomere integrity in cancer cells is the result of
A)

natural cell aging.
B)

active telomerase activity.
C)

exchange of DNA between chromosomes.
D)

viral infection.
E)

both B and C
E)

both B and C
In a normal cell, cell death typically occurs in which phase of the cell cycle?
A)

G1
B)

S
C)

G2
D)

M
E)

all of the above
A)

G1
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to cancer cells?
A)

Growth is not regulated by growth factors.
B)

The cell cycle is disrupted.
C)

Most cancer cells die in G1 phase.
D)

Growth is not stopped by high levels of DNA damage.
E)

The apoptosis pathway is blocked.
C)

Most cancer cells die in G1 phase.
Judah Folkman used which model to discern the relationship between tumor growth and angiogenesis?
A)

rabbit eye
B)

thymus tissue
C)

bone marrow
D)

mouse skin
E)

in vitro cells
A)

rabbit eye
A tumor is actively producing both VEGF and FGF, factors associated with angiogenesis. However, no network of blood vessels to the tumor has been established in spite of the fact that blood vessels are nearby. This observation most likely suggests
A)

The VEGF and FGF are not functional.
B)

Angiogenesis inhibitors are in greater concentration.
C)

Only one of the molecules is active, not both.
D)

Angiostatin is not produced by the cancer cells.
E)

The tumor is metastatic.
B)

Angiogenesis inhibitors are in greater concentration.
The correct order of events in metastasis of a cancer is
A)

invasion → angiogenesis → transport → new site
B)

transport → invasion → angiogenesis → new site
C)

transport → angiogenesis → invasion → new site
D)

angiogenesis → invasion → transport → new site
E)

angiogenesis → transport → invasion → new site
D)

angiogenesis → invasion → transport → new site
With regard to cancer cells in the process of metastasis to secondary sites, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A)

If they enter via lymphatics, cancer cells may multiply in regional lymph nodes.
B)

Many cells from the primary mass may enter circulation.
C)

The population of cancer cells in the bloodstream is monoclonal.
D)

Very few cancer cells survive the bloodstream.
E)

The population of cancer cells is heterogeneous.
C)

The population of cancer cells in the bloodstream is monoclonal.
Some compounds are themselves not carcinogens, but rather metabolic activity on the compound produces intermediates that are carcinogenic. This process is known as
A)

precarcinogenesis.
B)

carcinogen activation.
C)

metabolic carcinogenesis.
D)

plasminogen activation.
E)

DNA mutagenesis.
B)

carcinogen activation.
Promotion phase of carcinogenesis refers to
A)

enhanced levels or exposures to a carcinogen
B)

metabolic oxidation by a P450 cytochrome
C)

normal cell progression to a precancerous cell
D)

precancerous cell progression to a cancerous cell
E)

amount of DNA damage in a cell
D)

precancerous cell progression to a cancerous cell
The branch of medicine that investigates the occurrence and distribution of diseases is
A)

immunology.
B)

physiology.
C)

pathology.
D)

epidemiology.
E)

gene therapy.
D)

epidemiology.
The first documentation of a viral infection causing oncogenesis was established with
A)

Rous sarcoma virus in chickens.
B)

Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma.
C)

hepatitis B in liver cancer.
D)

HIV in humans.
E)

human papilloma virus in cervical cancer.
A)

Rous sarcoma virus in chickens.
The scientist(s) awarded a Nobel prize 50 years after discovering viral oncogenesis was/were
A)

Rous.
B)

Epstein and Barr.
C)

Burkitt.
D)

Folkman.
E)

Kaposi.
A)

Rous.
The viral oncogene associated with the Rous sarcoma virus is
A)

RAS.
B)

p53.
C)

ERBB-2.
D)

SIS.
E)

SRC.
E)

SRC.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby proto-oncogenes are converted to oncogenes?
A)

point mutation
B)

gene amplification
C)

translocation
D)

deletion
E)

silent mutation
E)

silent mutation
Which of the following is NOT a category for the gene product for an oncogene?
A)

growth factor receptor
B)

nonreceptor protein kinase
C)

transcription factor
D)

glycolytic enzyme
E)

growth factor
D)

glycolytic enzyme
Using polyethylene glycol, a cancer cell and a normal cell are fused. The resulting hybrid behaves like a normal cell. The best reason for this observation is the
A)

recombination between cancer and normal chromosomes.
B)

removal of environmental triggers.
C)

presence of tumor suppressor genes and gene products.
D)

exposure to polyethylene glycol.
E)

both A and C
C)

presence of tumor suppressor genes and gene products.
Most cancers are
A)

environmentally triggered.
B)

the result of life style.
C)

inherited.
D)

viral infections.
E)

both A and B
E)

both A and B
In some forms of breast cancer, estrogen is a(n)
A)

initiator.
B)

promoter.
C)

progressor.
D)

inhibitor.
E)

mutagen.
B)

promoter.
Hereditary retinoblastoma is the result of a(n) ________ in the RB gene of chromosome #13 in both homologs.
A)

insertion
B)

duplication
C)

inversion
D)

point mutation
E)

deletion
E)

deletion
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is characterized by a small deletion in chromosome #5. In which cells is this deletion present in affected individuals?
A)

somatic cells
B)

germline cells
C)

colon polyps
D)

colon epithelial cells
E)

all cells
E)

all cells
The difference between benign and malignant tumors is
A)

benign tumors have not lost growth control.
B)

benign tumors do not stimulate angiogenesis.
C)

benign tumors have not spread to other sites.
D)

malignant tumors are adherent.
E)

benign tumors are cancers, malignant tumors are not.
C)

benign tumors have not spread to other sites.
The normal RB gene functions as
A)

an activator of transcription.
B)

a proto-oncogene.
C)

an activator of translation.
D)

a cell surface receptor.
E)

an inhibitor of transcription.
E)

an inhibitor of transcription.
During microscopic examination of potential cancer cells, some of the cells are graded as anaplastic. This means they
A)

divide slowly.
B)

are easily identified to tissue of origin.
C)

are poorly differentiated.
D)

respond well to chemotherapy.
E)

are not aggressive.
C)

are poorly differentiated.
Changes in an organism that are the result of changes in gene action(s) are known as
A)

diseases.
B)

epigenetic.
C)

silencing.
D)

micro-RNA mediated.
E)

all of the above
B)

epigenetic.
Which of the following viruses has NOT been determined to be associated with a particular type of cancer?
A)

Mimivirus
B)

hepatitis B virus
C)

Epstein-Barr virus
D)

human papilloma virus
E)

hepatitis C virus
A)

Mimivirus
________ are cancers that originate in epithelial cells and comprise 90% of all cancers.
Answer:

Carcinomas
A ________ is a cancer of blood cells where the cells proliferate in the bloodstream.
Answer:

leukemia
Some cancer cells produce the enzyme ________, which avoids stimulating apoptosis based on the number of cell divisions.
Answer:

telomerase
The enzyme ________ breaks down the extracellular matrix to facilitate angiogenesis.
Answer:

matrix metalloproteinase
________ is the direct migration and penetration of cancer cells into neighboring tissues.
Answer:

Invasion
A key adhesion molecule is ________, which decreases cell adherence when present in insufficient quantities.
Answer:

E-cadherin
Increased ________ concentrations degrade the basal lamina and extracellular matrix and activates matrix metalloproteinases.
Answer:

plasmin
________ and ________ have been demonstrated to trigger DNA mutation associated with particular geographical cancers.
Answer:

environmental agents; life style factors
An ________ is the result of an alteration of gene expression rather than a mutation of a gene.
Answer:

epigenetic change
The ________ virus in chickens was the first association between viral infection and cancer.
Answer:

Rous sarcoma
Changes in gene action that are often associated with cancer cells are known as ________ changes.
Answer:

epigenetic
Overexpression of ________ lead to the development of cancer in mice, and variation in their structure or amounts have been documented in various types of cancer cells.
Answer:

micro-RNAs
In actively dividing cancer cells, ________ often results, as three or more poles may be present during mitosis.
Answer:

aneuploidy