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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhogam has beens successfully used to prevent
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Autoimmune hemolytic disease
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tight junctions
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seal the epithelia so molecules cannot leak from one side to another
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RNA may be transcribed into DNA by
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reverse transcriptase
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this is the region of the chromosome that becomes attached to the mitotic spindle
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kinetochore
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a short period in which the nuclear envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes are in apparent disarray
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prometaphase
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the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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both: is permeable to H, Na, K, Mg, and Cl ions & is permeable to water and free acids
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a staining method for the identification of carbohydrates is called
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Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)
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when the transfer of one solute depends on the simultaneous or sequential transfer of a solute in the same direction is called
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symport
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In Pompes
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both: there is an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosomes & there is an absence of lysosomal alpha glucosidase
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In which of the following states is there a release of enzymes from the lysosome
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apoptosis
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which of the following is/are functions of the glycocalix
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antigenic
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which of the following is found in cancer cells
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uncontrolled growth
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If UGC is a codon in a messenger RNA given the 5'-3' direction which of the following would be the anticodon 5'-3'
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GCA
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which of the following enzymes is involved in both recombination and repair
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All: DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, Endonucleases
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The primary lesion in the disease phenylketoneuria occurs in the synthesis of
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phenylalanine
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the normal life span of the red blood cell is
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120 days
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tetracycline or chloramphenicol
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blocks initiation of protein synthesis
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Which of the following statements about chain termination in peptide synthesis is true
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the formation of the peptide bonds by the ribosomal mRNA complex continues until rRNA with an anticodon for UAA, UAG or UGA interacts with the A site on the ribosome
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which of the following statements concerning histones is true
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they are very highly conserved proteins
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Acridines act as mutagens to duplex DNA causing which of the following mutations
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frameshift mutations
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DNA ligase of E. coli requires which of the following cofactors
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NAD+ as an electron acceptor
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excision repair can correct DNA modification arising from which of the following causes
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Thymine dimer formation
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Which of the following statements about DNA polymerase I is true
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It joins together Okazaki fragments to complete the lagging strand during DNA replication.
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All of the following statements regarding the DNA of mitochondria are correct except
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correct: double stranded, circular, codes for all of the mitochondrial proteins, is not associated with histones
incorrect: small in comparison to nuclear DNA |
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Xero derma pigmentosa is an autosomal recessive disorder which affects the mechanism for repair of ultravioletlight induced thymine dimmer formation in DNA. Which enzyme is most likely to be defective
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exonuclease
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A segment of a DNA chain which has the base sequence TCAGAT would be transcribed by RNA polymerase to a RNA chain with which of the following sequences
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AUCUGA
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Which of proteins are involved in iron transport
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transferrin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin
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RNA polymerase differs from DNA in that polymerase does not require
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A primer
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The complimentary strand for ATGC is
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GCAT
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Which of the following is not considered a secondary lysosome
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correct: autophagosome, coated vesicle, heterophagosome
incorrect: residual body |
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Which of these two biological membranes would have a greater lipid than protein ratio
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Schwann cell plasma membrane
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Which of the following enzymes are needed to protect RBCs against oxidative damage
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Superoxide dismutase
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The father has a mutated gene for a specific genentic disease and wants to know if his son also is a carrier for the same disease. Which would be most specific in determining the sons status
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restriction fragment length polymorphism
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Which of the following ion channels would directly respond to a cholinergic neurotransmitter
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ligand gated
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A fibroblast is a young cell that is in the "active" process of collagen secretion. Which of the following characteristics is not typical of this cell.
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correct: nucleus has more euchromatin than heterochromatin, has abundant RER, has well developed golgi complex, has sufficient mitochondria for ATP energy supply
Incorrect: Its secretory granules are secreted in a regulated form |
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In the peroxisome, the end product of the peroxidase enzymes is ----- and the end product of the catalse enzymes is ----- and -----
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hydrogen peroxide, water and oxygen
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Glucose enters the cell via a ----mechanism and leaves via a -----mechanism
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symport, facilitated diffusion
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The major extra cellular cation is
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Sodium
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Lysosomal hydrolases are targeted to the lysosomes by
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Mannose 6 phosphate added to the N-linked oligosaccharides
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A cytoskeletal function would include
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cell adhesion, cell movement, cell division, cell shape
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Regarding mitosis which of the following statements is true
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correct: genetic material remains constant
incorrects: genetic variability is one of the consequences, it is a long process in oocytes, the cells are restored to their haploid state, DNA recombination is done in prophase |
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Which of the following is a multipass integral protein that acts as an ion channel for the erythrocyte
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Band 3
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The urinary bladder epithelium needs a "leak proof" mechanism of adhesion between cells that is provided by
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Zonula occludens
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Desmosomes are concerned with
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Cell-cell attachment
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The cellular element of the smooth muscle cell that is comparable to the Z line of the skeletal muscle is the
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dense body
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The myocardial skeletal muscle contains intercalated disks. Which cell adhesion mechanism is not found in the intercalated disk
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Correct: gap junction, macula adherens, zonula adherens
Incorrect: Zonula occludens |
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Smooth muscle can be stimulated to relax in various ways. What effect does caldesmon have on the smooth muscle cells
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Binds to actin and inhibits myosin
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease that affects which protein of the myocytes
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Dystrophin
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The selective growth factor for T-lymphocytes
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fibroblast growth factor
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The non motile cilia syndrome is due to which protein deficiency
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Dynein
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Phosphorylation of the intermediate filament laminin B
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Disassembles the nuclear envelope
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Cholera is a disease that can be fatal if the patient fails to receive prompt attention. The disease is due to:
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Modifying the G protein subunits
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Which ribosomal subunit is not transcribed in the nucleus
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Correct: 5.8s, 18s, 28s
Incorrect: 5s |
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Which ribosomal RNA contributes to the small ribosomal subunit formation
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18s
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During which stage of meiosis ! does DNA recombination occur
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Pachytene
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Phosphorylation of the intermediate filament laminin B
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disassembles the nuclear envelope
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Cholera is a disease that can be fatal if the pt fails to receive prompt attention.The disease is due to
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Modyfing the G PRO subunit
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Which ribosomal subunit is not transcribed in the nucleus: 5s, 5.8s, 18s, 28s
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5s
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Which ribosomal RNA contributes to the small ribosomal subunit formation: 5s, 5.8s, 18s, 28s
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18s
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During which stage of meiosis I does DNA recombination occur
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Pachytene
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The two major adhesion proteins of the extra cellular matrix are
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fibronectin and laminin
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Which of the following glycosaminoglycans is mainly found in articulation synovial capsules
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hyaluronic acid
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Each of these cells is in the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle. Which of them can be kinase activated to reenter the cell cycle
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hepatocyte
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Scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency that causes
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aberrant collagen production
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Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged molecules that would stain with which dye
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hematoxylin
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Which type of microscope would be best suited to detect the treponema pallidum parasite (syphilis)
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dark field
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Centrioles replicate during which cell cycle phase
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G1
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The primary oocyte is arrested by the oocyte maturation factor during which stage of meisosis
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diplotene
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lysosomal enzymes have an address tag that directs them to the lysosome. These enzymes are sorted into their appropriate vesicles in the
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Trans Golgi network
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the sodium glucose pump is what type of carrier PRO
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Symport
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Which of the following is most permeable across a synthetic phospholipid bilayer: Ca, Mg, O2, H2O, GLUCOSE
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Mg
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cells that secrete growth factors affecting tarfet cells far from the secreting cell are regarded as
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endocrine
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Nuclear lamins are members of which family
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Intermediate
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Cyclin is synthesized continuously through the cell cycle but is quickly destroyed during
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Anaphase
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Nuclear PRO are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then trans-located to the nucleus. They have translocation sequences that are
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At the amino end
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the outer mitochondrial membrane but not the inner
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Presence of porin
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Phalloidin is often used in combination with a fluorescent dye for staining
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Actin filaments
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Which of the folowing is not part of the endomembrane system
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mitochondria
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The role of calcium is very important in orde for the cell to function. The main mechanism that regulates calcium levels is due to the activity of
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G PRO
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The secondary oocyte that came out of the first meiotic division has which of the
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diploid number of chromosomes
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Hereditary spherocytosis causes hemolytic anemia. The basic defect is due to
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Unstable spectrin-band 4.1-actin complex
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Vinblastine is utilized as an agent of chemotherapy against cancer. Which cytoskeletal element does it depolymerize
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Tubulin
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The experimental protcol that uses fluorescent labels and laser and photobleaching to determine the mobility of phospholipids or membrane PRO is referred to as
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FRAP
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Laminin is a trimetric PRO. In other words it consists of three parts. How might these parts be best visualized and distinguished one from the another
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Affinity chromotography
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Proto-oncogenes can be converted into active oncogenes by
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(all) deletion mutation, point mutation, gene amplification, chromosome rearrangement
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Xeroderma pigmentosum, HNPCC syndrome, Ataxia telangietasia are all cancers caused by
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DNA repair enzyme defects
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Cdk-2 is
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present only during interphase
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Polyribosomes synthesize all of the following PRO x: acidic PRO, histone PRO, Intermediate PRO, signal recognition particle, vasopressin
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vasopressin
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A coated pit is typical of the membranes capping phenomena. The "capping" is due to which membrane
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phospholipids
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Leber's optic dystrophy is a known pathology affecting which organelle
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mitochondria
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Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the Jewish population. Which organelle is defective
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Lysosome
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All the PRO targeting the following organelles have signal sequences. All but one have amino-end signal sequences. Select one that is responsive to carboxyl-end signal sequences: RER, peroxisome, mitochondria, SER, constituitive exocytosis
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peroxisomes
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Most cell, such as neuronsm have inside to outside negative charge. This can be calculated by the Nernst equation and is primarily due to the permeability of
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K+
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Skin cells are very tightly adhered together and as such are replete with
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tight junctions
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Carrier mediated transportand diffusion can be distinguished from each other because the former, but not the latter
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reaches an upper transport rate that cannot be exceeded with addition of extra cargo molecules
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Fluorescent dyes can be microinjected into cells and often will pass from the interior of one cell to the next. If this is the case and there has been no rupture of the plasma membrane, this dye most probably would have identified
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gap junction
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the nuclear pores
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(both) Have an octagonal shape and centrally located electron dense granule, and are closed by a thin diaphragm og unknown significance
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Cholesterol is incorporated into the cell by which mechanism
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coated vesicles
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Meat tenderizers that are derived from papain tend to disrupt which cytoskeletal element
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actin
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The major glycoprotein in the epithelial membranes intercellular adhesion mechanism is
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Cadherin
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The cellular membranes are composed of
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(both) Phosphatidylcholine, serine, ethanolamine, inositol, and cholesterol
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The nuclear pores
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(both) Have an octagonal shape, and centrally located electron dense granule, and are closed by a thin diaphragm of unknown significance
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Acetylcholine receptor in neurons passes both sodium and potassium. It is regarded as what type of receptor
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ion channel receptor
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Calmodulin
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(all) found soluble in the cytoplasm, is a PRO, can activate PRO kinases, binds 4 Ca ions
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Which of the following is not found in the mitochondria: calcium granules, DNA, ribosomes, electron transport system
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(none) all found in mitochondria
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NADH is produced by glycolysis through the action of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This NADH can then be shuttled into which of the following organelles or processes, where it can be converted to ATP
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mitochondria
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The cyto-skeleton consists of three different types of filaments. Ordered from smallest to largest they are
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actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules
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All of the following are correct in regards to the nuclear envelope x:
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(correct)composed of 2 lipid bilayers, the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the perinuclear space is a gap of 20-40nm
(incorrect)single membrane |
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The nucleolus with a bright field microscope shows
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(neither) Not fibrillar central region nor granula peripheral region
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The granular peripheral portion of the nucleolus
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(both) represent the nuclear DNA sequences encoded for ribosomal RNAs, and represents the granular intracellular precursor of cytoplasmic ribosomes, which are transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
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the type of intermediate filament that is characteristically found in the cytoplasm of the human skin cells is
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keratin
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Radial spokes, nexin, and dynein are components most closely associated with
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(both C & D) flagella and cilia
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Kinesin is a motor PRO that removes material
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from the minus end to the plus end of microtubules
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The term "brush border" is best matched with which of the following terms
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microvilli
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Which of the following is a goal of the Koehler illumination
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(both) To obtain a bright image w/o reflection, and to avoid heating of the slide
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All of the following are essential components for the phase contrast microscope
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(both) Amicy Bertrand ocular, and contrast condenser
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Which of the following must be used on a microscope to obtain a good Koehler illumination
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(a,b,c) iris diaphragm, field diaphragm, condenser diaphragm
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The resolving power
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Is the minimal distance for discrimination between two points
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The usefulness of the light microscope is
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(both) Its ability to resolve structural detail and its ability to magnify structures
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The main adhesion molecule that holds embryonic cells together is
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N-CAM
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Action potentials are unidirectional because
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the voltage gated sodium channel has a transient period of inactivity during which it cannot be opened again
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The resting potential in most neurons is primarily due to the permeability of
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K+
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is best described as a
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ligand-gated channel
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An action potential is characterized by all of the following x:
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correct: it is regarded as a regenerative response, is regarded as an all-or-none-response, does not degrade in magnitude with space or time, is characteristic of trans-membrane potential changes that occur in most axons
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A chemical synapse is characterized by all of the following x:
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correct: neurotransmitter released, synaptic cleft is present, intracellular increase in calcium is critical for function, one millisecond delay in membrane potential change exists between presynaptic and post synaptic cells
incorrect: membrane fusion and gap junction are evident |
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All of the folllowing our components of bright field microscope except:
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correct:condenser which focuses rays on the specimen, stage on which the specimen is placed, objectives of different magnifications, ocular lens
incorrect:objective lens w/ NA of 1.4 |
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The image formation in the tranmission electron microscope is dependent on
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the fact that some electrons do not pass through the specimen to fall on the photographic film
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All of the following are essential components of a transmission electron microscope x:
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correct: condenser lens, objective lens, cathode, anode
incorrect: ocular lens |
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The transmission electron microscope
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utilizes a beam of electrons to produce an image
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With the darkfield microscopy
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(both) the light does not enter directly to the objective, and objects smaller than the wavelength of light can be detected but not resolved
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Which of the following cell phases is shortest in duration: G-1, G-0, G-2, S, M
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M
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Which of the following is the correct order from smallest to largest
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collagen molecule, collagen fibril, collagen fiber
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Which of the following collagen subtypes can self assemble into a sheet like array
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type IV
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Which of the following is partially assembled in the extra cellular matrix
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(all) laminin, collagen, integrins, fibronectin
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The term "ground substance" is often used to refer to
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glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans
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Basal lamina can often contain all of the following x
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correct: type 1 collagen, laminin, fibronectin, entactin
incorrect: type IV collagen |
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The prokaryotic cells
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do not have an endomembrane system
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Which of the following is true in regards to cell cultures
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(neither) incorrect: the HeLa cells were obtained from baby hamster kidney, the L and 3T3 cells are obtained from human carcinoma
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The "ribophorins"
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are found in the membranes of the RER
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The microsomes
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are fragments of the golgi complex
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A 22 y/o women c/o fatigue of the muscles in her face, eyes, and tongue. Clinical tests indicate thyoma and presence of AB to ACh receptors. A possible diagnosis is
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MG
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Which of the following statements about the termination of mRNA translation is true
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the complete polypeptide is released
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In the intestine and kidneys, glucose and amino acids are transported across cellular membranes by
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facilitated diffusion
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Metaphase is one of the six phases of cell division and is characterized by
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Alignment of the chromosomes 1/2 way between the spindle poles
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Which of the following mechanisms of transport of small molecules is the least selective
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passive diffusion
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The nucleolus
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(both) Is the site of the assembly of ribosomes, and has a high concentration of RNA and PRO
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Which of the following substances are usually used to separate the polypeptides of the plasmatic membrane
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(both) sodium dodecyl sulfate, and mild solution
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Cells involved in process of detoxifying substances are expected to have an unusually well developed
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SER
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Elliptocttosis (spherocytosis)
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There is a defect of spectrin to form the heterodimer/tetramer transformation
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The peripheral PRO
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(neither) incorrect: separated by drastic procedures for isolation, insoluble in aqueous soutions
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Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to
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troponin
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The plasma membrane is a asymmetric structure that has many functions. Which of the following would NOT be found on the cytoplasmic side of the cell
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would be: phospholipids, Chol, peripheral PRO, trans-membrane PRO
wouldnt be: oligosaccharide chain |
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Which of the following is an example of hormone receptor that acts via a receptor tyrosine signaling system
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insulin
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Which of the following describes the correct sequence of signal transduction via cAMP 2nd messenger system
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receptor, G PRO, adenyl cyclase, PRO kinase A
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Cl and HCO3 enter the RBC through
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ion channels
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Upon contraction the sarcomere of skeletal muscle shortens. Identify the appropriate histological sequence of the following
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I band width shortens, A band width constant, H band width shortens
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The scanning transmission electron microscope
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(both) Is the best method for studying biological ultrastructure, and gives surface view of structures
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In phase microscopy
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(both) the light passing through an object undergoes a retardation normally not detected, and phase changes are translated into changes in light intensity
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Which of the following are functions of the cytochrome P-450
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(both) hydroxylation of steroid hormones, and inactivation of some drugs by oxidation C
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All of the following are not membranous organelles x
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Are membranous: peroxisomes
Are not: centrioles, ribosomes, filaments, microtubules |
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Centrioles are associated c each of the following x
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correct: ciliogenesis, dynein arm that that posses ATPase activity, the ability to duplicate themselves, development of mitotic spindle
incorrect: nine triplet microtubules |
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The thiamine phosphosphatase is found in the
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trans face of the golgi complex
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steroid and thyroid hormones act through
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changing of the gene expression in the nucleus
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G PRO are involved c various cellular signaling pathways and are known to hydrolyze
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guanine triphosphate
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Cyclins are
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PRO that bind to intracellular kinases to initiate cell division
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Which of the following organelles is responsible for PRO synthesis
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ribosomes
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Which of the following cytoplasmic organelles divides by fision
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centriole
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The basement membrane functions to provide structural attachement of epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue. You are asked to identify the cell type which secretes a compound of basement membrane which cell express as a mRNA for
|
laminin
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All of the following are true of lysosomes x
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correct: associated c acid phosphatase activity, function in intracellular digestion, contain a number of hydrolytic enzymes, often appear as membrane bound dense bodies
incorrect: the can be identified by a cytochemical reaction for catalase |
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The nucleolus is characterized by all of the following x
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correct: fibrillar component representing early stages in the formation of ribosomal RNA precursors, nucleolar associated chromatin, a granular component representing late stages in the foundation of tRNA precursors, the packaging of rRNA into precursors of ribosomes
incorrect: the packaging of rRNA into precursors of ribosomes |
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All of the following are inclusions (rather than organelles) x
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inclusions: fat droplet, glycogen, crystalloid, mucus granule
not: lysosome |
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The nuclear envelope
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is formed by two nuclear membranes
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the smooth ER is well developed in the
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Liver
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The enzyme that adds the poly "A" sequence to mRNA is
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RNA polymerase
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The dissolution of nuclear envelope at the end of the prophase is the result of
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phosphorylation of nuclear lamins
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