Cdi

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Was derive from the latin investigatus, past participle of investigate to track, investigate, from in + vestigium footprint, track

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Investigation

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Is a multi-faceted, problem solving challenge.

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Criminal Investigation

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Is expected to preserve the crime scene, collect the evidence, and devise an investigative plan that will lead to responsible for the crime.

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Investigator

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Is an undertaking that seeks, collect, and gathers evidence of a crime for a case or specific purpose.

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Criminal Investigation

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Three Element of Crime:

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1. Motive

2. Opportunity

3. Instrumentality/Capability

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Is the moving power power of force which compels a person to commit act towards a definite result.

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Motive

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Is the chance or time given to the offender in committing the crime.

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Opportunity

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Involves the use of material and other means which are essential in the commission of the crime.

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Instrumentation/Capability

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Three Phases of Criminal Investigation:

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1. Identified

2. Trace, locate and arrested

3. To prove his/her guilt is gathered for introduction during trial.

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Modes of Investigation:

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*Reactive mode of investigation

*Proactive mode of investigation

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Address crimes that already happened or occured.

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Reactive mode of investigation

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Identifies and arrest suspects before crime will happen.

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Proactive mode of investigation

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Who said that investigation is both art and science?

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Dempsey, 2007

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Who is the father of criminal investigation? And said that it is an art?

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Dr. Han's Gross

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According Dr. Han's Gross that criminal investigation is _, _, and _?

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95% perspiration

3% inspiration

2% luck

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Who said that criminal investigation is a science?

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Manwong, 2004

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Refers to the person who perform an investigation. Also known as prober and is considered as the superstar in the process of investigation.

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Criminal Investigator

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A police investigator must be a graduate of ?

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For PNCO - Criminal Investigation Course(CIC)

For PCO's- Investigation Officer Basic Course(IOBC)

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Refers to a PNP uniformed personnel both PCO and PNCO conferred with the appropriate certification to investigate with care.

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Police Investigation

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Refers to uniformed personnel who was previously as a police investigator but was able to complete 18 units Master's Degree and complete the Police Detective Course(PDC)

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Police Detective

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Was previously certified as police investigator but was able to complete sa master degree and complete the Investigation Officer Management Course(IOMAC).

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Case Manager

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Case manager must be a graduate of?

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Investigator Officer Management Course(IOMAC)

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The purpose of Golden Rule of Criminal Investigation is to avoid?

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M-mutilation

A-alteration

C-contamination

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Characteristic of Competent Criminal Investigation:

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Perseverance

Endurance

Incorruptible honesty and integrity

Intelligence and wisdom of Solomon

Acting activity

Oral and written communication

Observation and description

Courage

Power the read between the lines

Knowledge on laws

Technical knowledge

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Basic Elements of Criminal Investigation

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1. Recognition

2. Collection

3. Preservation

4. Evaluation

5. Presentation

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Cardinal Point of Criminal Investigation

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5W's and 1H

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Tools of Criminal Investigation

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3 I's : Information, Interview/Interrogation, Instrumentation.

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Are knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from person or documents.

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Information

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Classification Of Information

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Regular sources- taken from records and documents

Cultivated sources- is furnished by informer and informant

Grapevines sources- disclosed by underworld character such as prisoners or ex-convicted

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Voluntary giving information?

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Informants

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Involuntary giving information, requires fee?

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Informer

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Ways of obtaining from a certain suspect or person that has knowledge on a crime.

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Interview/interrogation

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Terms to understand

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Interviewer

Interviewee

Interrogator

Interrogee

Suspect

Witness

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Also called as Criminalistics or forensic science, is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and detection

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Instrumentation

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Examples of instrumentation

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Firearm detection

Fingerprint examination

Question document examination

Photography

Polygraphy

Forensic chemistry

Physics

Biology

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Direct questioning of a subject for purpose of obtaining a confession, can place before or after an arrest.

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Interrogation

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Simple questioning of a person believe that to possess information, which are relevant to the investigation of a crime os non criminal activities.

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Interview

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General Kinds of Interview

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Cognitive Interview

Question and Answer

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They are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer.

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Cognitive Interview

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This interview as practices by some investigators requires to the interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator.

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Question and Answer

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Golden Rule in Interview

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-never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview without prior visit to the crime scene.

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Qualities of a Good Interview

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1. Rapport

2. Forceful Personality

3. Knowledge on Psychology/Psychiatry

4. Conventional Tone of Voice

5. Acting Qualities

6. Humility

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Good relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee.

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Rapport

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Must be understanding, sympathetic and without showing official arrogance, vulgarity of expressions and air superiority.

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Forceful Personality

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Must go down and up to the level of understanding of his particular subject.

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Knowledge on Psychology/Psychiatry

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Means that the interviewer must know how to appropriately use voice normally.

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Conversational tone and voice

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Must possess the qualities of an actor, salesman and psychologist and know how to use the power of persuasion.

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Acting Qualities

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Must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to ask apologies for the inconvenience of the interview.

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Humility

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Reason why Witnesses Refuse to Testify

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1. Fear of Reprisal

2. Great Inconvenience

3. Hatred against the Police

4. Because of Bias Witness

5. Avoidance of Publicity

6. Family Restriction

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Phases of Interview

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1. Preparation

2. Approach

3. Warming up

4. Cognitive Interview

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Rules in Questioning

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1. One question at a time

2. Avoiding implied answers

3. Simplicity of question

4. Saving Face

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Types of witnessess

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1. Know-nothing type

2. Disinterested type

3. The drunken type

4. Talkative type

5. Honest witness

6. Deceitful witness

7. Timid witness

8. Refusal to talk witness

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The vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his/her participation in the commission of crime.

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Interrogation

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Kinds of Confession

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1.Extra Judicial Confession

2.Judicial Confession

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Is a confession made by the suspect during custodial investigation.

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Extra Judicial Confession

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Sec.3, Rule 133, Rules of Court stated that:

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Extra Judicial confessional is not sufficient ground for conviction: An extra Judicial confession made by an accused shall not be sufficient ground conviction, unless corroborated with evidence of corpuz delicti-body of the crime.

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Types of Extra Judicial Confession

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1. Voluntary Extra Judicial confession.

2. Involuntary Extra Judicial Confession

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Confession made by the accused in open court

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Judicial Confession

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Technique of Interrogation

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1. Emotional appeal

2. Sympathetic approach

3. Friendliness

4. Trick and Bluff Techniques

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Combining the skills of an actor and psychologist.

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Emotional appeal

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Dig deep into the past troubles.

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Sympathetic approach

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A posture of sincerity may include the suspect a confess.

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Friendliness

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Trick and Bluff Techniques

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→

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Bluff the suspect that if he will not confess, there enough evidence to send him to jail.

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Pretense of Solid Evidence

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Selection of who among them is the weakest.

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Weakest Link

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Ordering by shouting, accompanied by banging of chair to make it appear that a commission is going on.

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Drama

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Investigator had gone to the residence and the family member had supplies fact against the suspect.

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Feigning contact with family member

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Complaint, witness or victim is requested to point positively to the suspect in the police line up.

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Line-up

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Suspect is place among other person in police line-up.

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Reverse line-up

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The investigation display a stern personality towards the suspect by using jolting, and opportunity to lie

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Stern Approach

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Acting as good and bad investigator.

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Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method

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If the suspect is the suspect is bisaya dapat bisaya pud ang interrogator.

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Removing the Ethics or Cultural Barrier

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In every mans heart there is always the softest spot.

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Searching for the soft spot

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Is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject that led to the commission of crime

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Rationalization

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The process of putting the blame to other person not alone to the suspect.

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Projection

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Is the act of minimizing the capability of the suspect.

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Minimization

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Apparent Signs of Deception(suspect is lying)

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1. Excessive sweating

2. Change of facial color

3. Dry mouth

4. Excessive breathing

5. Increase of pulse beat

6. Avoidance of direct eye contact