Cdc 3N0X2 Volume 2. Video And Lighting

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In a properly produced product, what should your video essentially be able to accomplish?

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Your video should essentially stand alone without audio and still be able to tell the story.

Front 2

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What does any technique in the video production process drawing attention to itself accomplish?

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It has undone anything you’re hoping to accomplish.

Front 3

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What are production values?

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The basic standards applied to every production and they play an important part in the success of your
video product.

Front 4

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What should you consider as you build your product?

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The needs of your viewer.

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What is your responsibility to the viewer in each product you assemble?

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You must represent the viewer and ensure they see the video necessary to visually understand your message.

Front 6

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What goes a long way to guarantee success in your productions?

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Conscientious application of video techniques.

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What is the primary instrument of video production, be it in the studio or field environments?

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The television camera.

Front 8

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What are your eyes perceiving when they see light?

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The wavelength of light rather than its audio counterpart of frequency.

Front 9

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For what part of your vision are your cones responsible?

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Your visual acuity.

Front 10

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What is “persistence of vision”?

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The capability of looking at an object and having your visual system retain the image of the object for a short while.

Front 11

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What is the biggest advantage of digital video?

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There is no quality lost when transferring your digital imagery into your computer or onto some other storage media.

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What is each complete scan called?

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The first complete scan is called a field, and the second complete scan is called interlaced.

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What is the process called when two complete scans are combined and what does it prevent?

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Interlaced scanning and it prevents annoying picture flicker.

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What do two fields combined make and what is its rate per second?

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One frame; the frame rate equals 1/30th of a second.

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What is picture “resolution?”

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The quality of the video image as it is reproduced on a display source.

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When television was developed in the 1950s, what system was established as the United States standard?

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A 525-line system.

Front 17

What is the resolution of the HDTV system, as proposed by the SMPTE?

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The HDTV system increases the resolution to a 1,125 line system.

Front 18

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Under which principle does color light operate?

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The additive principle.

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What does this color light principle mean when trying to create colors in the visible spectrum?

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By mixing the three primary colors of red, blue, and green in varying proportions, you can create every color in the visible spectrum.

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What is “hue?”

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The tint of color, or the color we actually see.

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What word is described as the strength or purity of the color, or the amount of dilution of the color through the addition of white light?

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Saturation, also called chrominance or chroma.

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What is the brightness component of color called?

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Luminance and it depends upon the amount of light the color reflects.

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What is the basic idea behind color television, when trying to produce any color in the visible spectrum?

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The manipulation of the intensity of each of the three primary colors, combined with different qualities of
luminance and saturation, to produce any color in the visible spectrum.

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What is the television system used in the United States called?

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The NTSC color system.

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What are the four basic components of a color camera system?

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(1) The optical system.
(2) Chrominance channels.
(3) The luminance channel.
(4) The encoder.

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What happens to multicolored white light as it passes through the optical system?

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It permits only one primary color to enter each of the chrominance channels. Only red light is permitted through to the red CCD, only green light passes through to the green CCD, and only blue light passes through to the blue CCD.

Front 27

How many CCDs receive the “chroma” or color information of the picture and why?

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Three separate CCDs receive the chroma or color information of the picture, one for each primary color.

Front 28

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Which primary color channel usually provides contouring and luminance information?

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The green CCD.

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When a camera is adjusted to ensure the three chrominance and luminance systems are balanced, which colors are adjusted and which remains stationary?

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Green remains stationary while red and blue are adjusted to the green standard.

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What is the encoder designed to do?

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To combine the three color signals (red, green, and blue chrominance information) with the brightness signal (luminance information) into a single, composite signal.

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Where is the CCD chip mounted and what benefit does this provide?

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Directly onto the beam-splitting prism block giving the added benefit of being much more durable than a tube camera.

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What must military documentation preserve?

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The reality, spontaneity, authenticity, and informality of the military situation.

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What is a shooting outline?

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The outline is a rough sketch of what you wish to shoot.

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What type of documentation would a major disaster fall under?

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A contingency documentation.

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What types of events and actions does operational documentation portray?

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Documentation of new types of aircraft, weapons, techniques, civic and humanitarian actions, Air Force
participation in civil events, dedications, memorials, and personalities.

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What are the most familiar forms of ceremonial documentation?

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Parades and change-of-command ceremonies.

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What is your purpose in alert documentation?

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To provide those who must investigate the causes of these incidents with visual evidence that will help them solve a case or establish criminal liability.

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What are the two purposes of visual documentation in air craft accidents?

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(1) They allow the investigators to graphically reconstruct the events of the crash.
(2) They provide a means of indentifying parts of the aircraft.

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What is the most important element of crime scene documentation, and how do you achieve it?

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Proper perspective, your footage should be captured from normal eye level.

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What should always be included in an alert crash kit?

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Always include extra batteries, storage media, and tripod.

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No matter what your product, what is your obligation to the viewer for them to adequately understand your message?

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To provide visual information the viewer desires.

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What does composition refer to?

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The organization of various visual elements within the videospace in a way that presents a picture which
1) is unified,
2) establishes spatial and psychological relationships between the various components,
3) directs the audience’s attention to the most important elements within the scene, and
4) produces an aesthetically pleasing and interesting picture to watch.

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Upon what is the perspective of depth in a television picture totally dependent?

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The careful use of camera angles and performer blocking, production variables like set design, lighting and
makeup, and picture composition.

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What are three major categories of groupings?

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(1) Balanced and unbalanced groupings.
(2) Triangular groupings.
(3) Foreground-background groupings.

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What are some of the more common mistakes to avoid in shot composition?

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Poor juxtaposition of subjects, lack of headroom, look space, differences in subject height, unsuitable
camera angle, too much screen space, distracting movement, and profile shots.

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To what does framing refer?

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What you decide to include (and exclude) within a shot.

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What are the two categories of framing considerations?

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(1) Technical decisions.
(2) Aesthetic judgments.

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When the video signal is transmitted from the camera through the television system to the viewing audience, about how much of the outer portion of the picture is lost?

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10 to 15 percent.

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To what does field of view refer?

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That portion of a scene or set covered by the area visible through the camera lens.

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How does the rule of thirds work?

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Simply divide the picture into thirds horizontally and vertically and place your primary subjects wherever the lines intersect, keeping in mind what is important to see.

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What is leading line?

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One that directs your viewers’ eyes to the center of interest in your picture.

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What effect do diagonal lines produce in a scene?

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Forward motion and speed are suggested when the direction of the diagonal line progresses upward from left to right. Slower motion is suggested when the lines run upward from right to left.

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What is the normal angle?

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Placing the camera at the subject’s eye level and photographing the scene at their level.

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What type of movement, in relation to the camera, is normally more dynamic and interesting?

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Movement directly towards or away from the camera.

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How should you frame a subject moving parallel to the camera?

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Always lead the subject by allowing more space or lead room in front than behind.

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State the three rules of movement.

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(1) Movement must be motivated.
(2) Movement begets movement.
(3) Movement must be believable.

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What does continuity mean in a motion media context?

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That shot progressions are assembled into scene sequences.

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How would you, a broadcast specialist, determine the continuity significance of uncontrolled and semicontrolled recording situations?

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To fulfill this responsibility, there is no substitute for preplanning.

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What do we call scenes that identify the overall locale of a recorded situation?

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The establishing shot.

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What purpose does the reestablishing shot serve?

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Reorienting the audience, relieving or preventing the disinterest caused by the sustained CU frame, and
smoothing out continuity.

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What is the action axis?

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An imaginary line running through a subject used to maintain a consistent screen direction.

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What happens when you violate the rules of screen direction?

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It can quickly disorient viewers and result in unintended confusion.

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Define the term “screen direction.”

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Maintaining the apparent direction of subject travel across the screen.

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List four ways to make a visually acceptable change of screen direction.

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(1) Have your subject actually change direction and show the change on the screen.
(2) Gradually work around your subject.
(3) Introduce a scene to divert your audience
(4) Use an identifiable object to orient the audience to the movement of your subject.

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What is a jump cut?

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An unnatural or jarring transition between two camera shots.

Front 66

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By what means does a battery generate electricity?

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Chemical.

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What exists at the negative terminal of a battery? What exists at the positive terminal?

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Excess electrons; deficiency in electrons.

Front 68

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Describe the directional flow of electrons within a battery. What is this circular path of electron flow called?

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From the positive terminal to the negative terminal; circuit.

Front 69

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Name the two basic parts of alternators and generators.

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(1) Field coil.
(2) Armature coil.

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What mechanical action is necessary in the relationship of these two principal parts to induce electric power?

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Rotation.

Front 71

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Distinguish between DC and AC.

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DC flows only in one direction. AC reverses its direction of flow at regular intervals.

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To what does “hertz” refer? In which type of current is this applicable?

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Cycles; alternating.

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Define resistance.

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The opposition that a conductor or piece of electrical equipment exerts to the flow of electrons through it.

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What is used to measure voltage?

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Voltmeter.

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What do you call the number of reversals and alternating current supply voltage makes in one
second?

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Frequency.

Front 76

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State the rule applied in analyzing a circuit’s total power consumption.

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The power consumed by the entire circuit is equal to the sum of the power dissipated in each individual circuit.

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State the rule used in analyzing a circuit’s total current flow.

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Total circuit current is equal to the power in watts divided by the input voltage.

Front 78

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What is the basic ratio of fuse capacity to the maximum current drawn by a given circuit?

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Fuse current ratings should be about one-half times the maximum current drawn in the circuit.

Front 79

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Is it correct to say that the larger the wire gauge number, the greater the current capacity of the
extension cord?

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No; the larger the wire gauge, the lower its current capacity.

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State a good rule to follow regarding current capacity in selecting long extension cords.

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Select one with a current capacity at least twice the amount of current you expect to draw.

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Name the five basic electrical measurement instruments and the one instrument that incorporates the function of all but one of the five.

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(1) The AC voltmeter.
(2) The DC voltmeter.
(3) The AC ammeter.
(4) The DC ammeter.
(5) The ohmmeter.
(6) The multimeter.

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Which measurement is not in the multimeter’s capabilities?

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The AC ammeter.

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In making voltage and/or amperage measurements, does it make any difference whether the circuit is AC or DC? Explain.

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Yes. DC measurements must be made with the instrument connected in correct polarity (positive/negative).

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Do you activate the circuit when measuring ohms?

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No, an activated circuit damages or destroys the ohmmeter.

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List the four precautions for making measurements with any meter.

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(1) Always use the correct meter. If you are using a multimeter, be sure it is set for the correct function. Become familiar with your meter by studying its operational instructions.
(2) Be sure that the meter range is set properly for the electrical quantity you wish to measure.
(3) Be sure to connect the meter properly for the test to be made.
(4) Take special precautions to avoid electrical shock and/or damage to equipment.

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Briefly state the six general principles for handling, use, and care of electronic components.

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(1) Know what you’re doing by reading the instructions.
(2) Keep components, connecting cables, and connectors dry.
(3) Don’t subject electronic items to impacts, falls, or rough handling.
(4) Avoid extremes of temperature, provide adequate ventilation, and don’t place equipment on hot surfaces.
(5) Keep units and connectors free of oil, grease, dirt and chemicals.
(6) Don’t force connections.

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What happens when equipment usually operated on AC power is operated on DC power?

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A built-in converter changes the AC voltage to a DC current of the same voltage as that produced by the battery.

Front 88

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What is the major disadvantage of the convertible camera?

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The major disadvantage of this type of camera is that it does not have a dockable recorder (camera/recorder
unit combination).

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What unit of measure is used for light level or light intensity?

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FC.

Front 90

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What is contrast range and what is the maximum ratio?

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The ability of a camera to pick up and faithfully reproduce variations of brightness within a scene; generally not exceeding 30 to one (30:1).

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What two qualities are the internal camera filters designed to correct?

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(1) Light quantity.
(2) Light quality.

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What is a ND filter designed to do?

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Change light quantity without changing the actual color of the light passing through.

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What does the ¼ ND filter designation mean?

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How much light is allowed to pass through this ND filter. In other words, one-fourth of the light passes through the filter while three-fourth of the light is knocked down.

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What is one way of describing a particular mix of spectral hue emitted by a light source, (i.e., light quality)?

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Color temperature, expressed in degrees (K).

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What filter is used for color temperatures above 4400K? What does the filter do and why?

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The 5600K filter. This filter adds reddish-orange in the light pathway. Since the camera is adjusted for 3200K, the reddish-orange filter reduces the high color temperature of the blues down to the reds in the 3200K range.

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When would you use the 5600K + ¼ ND filter?

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Where the color temperature is above 4400K and the light is brighter than that found indoors. Typically
sunny, outdoors.

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What does the internal optical system do to the filter-processed light?

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It separates the composite light (all colors combined) from the original image into the three primary colors (red, green, and blue).

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Why was the black balance/white balance system invented and where does it make its adjustments?

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To correct the color of the image even further. This system electronically adjusts light level signals after they have entered the CCD and are now in the camera itself.

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How does the black balance/white balance process begin?

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By ensuring all three CCD chips—red, green, and blue—are operating from the same setup level.

Front 100

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When the camera operator engages the white balance system, what levels are adjusted and why?

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The camera white balance system balances the red and blue white levels to the green white level. Green is kept as the standard and the other two are adjusted to match it. In this way, anything white has the same peak video level in the red, green, and blue channels; none of them are stronger.

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How often should you black balance and white balance?

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You only need to accomplish a black balance once a month or so since black (when the iris is closed) inside the camera never changes. The white balance, however, must be accomplished with each change in light
condition or location.

Front 102

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What is the feature called that is used to amplify the video signal, when the iris is at or near its maximum aperture? How does it work?

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Video gain control. It increases the output of the camera by electronically amplifying the video signals, permitting the camera to operate under low-light conditions.

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What is the zebra setting? What levels are available?

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This allows you to place obvious stripes on any part of your video meeting preestablished video level criteria. Zebras can be set (at the factory or by maintenance technicians) to either 70 percent video level or 102 percent video level.

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What is the primary purpose of the camera microphone?

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Recording natural, ambient sound, and as a backup to the hand-held mike. It should not be used as the primary microphone when recording an interview.

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What audio input options do you have for each audio channel?

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There is a switch for each audio channel to select camera, mic, or line.

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What does the automatic audio control switch engage and how does it affect the audio signal?

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A clipping device for audio levels exceeding a predefined level in the camera recorder. It ensures the audio
level will not get too loud. While this is convenient, it’s not the best way to gather your audio since, if it is
very loud, you’ll have distortion due to the peaks being cut off by the clipping circuitry.

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Which audio control mode is preferred by seasoned professionals and why?

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Manual audio control gives you the most control over the levels going into your camera recorder. It’s best to control bthe audio level while in the field instead of returning to your edit cell to find your camera controlled you and what you have is unacceptable

Front 108

215. Operator maintenance

If the eyepiece is in proper focus, the macro pin is locked in its normal position, the front focus is set so the viewfinder image is as clear as possible, and the image is still out of focus, what problem do you have?

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A back focus problem.

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Name two types of camera lenses.

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(1) Fixed-focal-length lens.
(2) Zoom lens.

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Which type of lens has a variable focal length?

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Zoom lens.

Front 111

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What are the three basic components of a camera lens?

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From front to back: (1) the optical elements, (2) a variable iris, and (3) the mounting system attaching the
lens to the camera head.

Front 112

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Explain what happens when you zoom a camera lens in or out.

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Zooming a camera lens in to (closer or narrower) or out from (farther or wider) a scene causes specific
optical elements to move, varying the lens’ focal length, and changing the picture size and field of view.

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What do the two numbers, such as 10 x 12, describing a zoom lens mean?

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The first number (10) is the zoom ratio, the ratio of the longest focal length of the lens to the shortest focal
length (10:1). The second number (12) is the shortest focal length and widest angle.

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Describe the differences between a wide–(12 mm, 40° field of view) and a narrow-angle lens and
how a 10:1 zoom ratio affects the image when zooming from one (wide) to the other (narrow).

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A wide-angle lens has a very short focal length and produces images with a wide field of view and objects
appearing far away. In the example, 12 mm would be the widest shot possible with about a 40-degree
horizontal field of view. When you are zooming to the widest shot you are zooming out. The narrow-angle
of the lens has a long focal length of 120 mm and produces images with about a 4-degree horizontal field of
view. The images appear about 10-times closer due to the 10:1 zoom ratio. As you zoom from a wide-angle
to a narrow-angle shot you are zooming in.

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Why are zoom lenses not actually intended for use exclusively at the extreme long focal lengths
and how do you resolve this problem?

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Light is refracted and absorbed more at these lengths. A zoom lens looks best at its wide to medium focal
length settings and therefore, instead of zooming in tighter on your subject, it is best to move the camera
forward.

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What is the smoothest method to control the zoom speed?

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Using the servo.

Front 117

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What is the best aperture range for the iris?

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They are designed to work best with the iris in the middle of its maximum and minimum iris apertures.

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When you are shooting and notice your iris is nearing its maximum aperture due to lower light
conditions, what two options do you have?

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If possible, add light. This causes your iris to stop down, returning you to the midrange iris settings. If it’s
not possible to add light, as a last resort, use the video gain circuitry to amplify the video level.

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What is the relationship between a higher f-stop number, the iris opening, and the light entering the camera?

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The higher the f-stop number, the smaller the iris opening, resulting in less light entering the camera.

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What is a benefit of manual mode regarding the iris and changing light levels?

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It prevents the iris from drifting as the light level changes.

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What does the auto-iris measure and what camera adjustment does it make?

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The average amount of illumination in a scene; it adjusts the camera for the best average exposure.

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How is a zoom focus accomplished?

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By zooming in as tightly as possible on the principal subject, adjusting the focus control for the sharpest
picture of your subject, and zooming out to the desired shot.

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At what point of the zoom range do you perform a rack focus? How does zooming in or out affect your focus once it has been set?

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Wherever your zoom is located at that moment in time is where you adjust your focus. Your camera
becomes out of focus.

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What is the area of acceptable focus in front of and behind your subject called?

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The depth of field.

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What three factors determine a lens’ depth of field?

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Three factors determine a lens’ depth of field:

(1) Focal length: The shorter the focal length (the wider the zoom lens position), the greater the depth of field. The depth of field decreases as the focal length increases or the zoom lens position narrows.
(2) F-stop: The smaller the lens iris opening (the higher the f-stop number), the greater the depth of field. You decrease the depth of field as you open the iris (decrease the numerical f-stop).
(3) Camera-to-subject distance: As the distance between the camera and subject increases, the depth of field becomes greater. The shorter the camera-to-subject distance, the shallower the depth of field. Keep in mind, of the total depth of field, two-thirds is behind your subject and one-third is in front. The depth of field behind the principal subject is always greater than in front of the subject.

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What is the major disadvantage of a range extender?

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The focal length of a lens is extended at the expense of the lens’ operating light level. A doubler typically
reduces the amount of light entering the camera by four times.

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Where is the macro control ring located, and what does it control?

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At the back of the lens, the closest one to the camera (farthest from the front of the lens). It controls the last
adjustable optic in the lens system.

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What pictorial effects are caused by perspective distortion?

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Grotesquely distorted close-ups, squashed-up cardboarded images of distant subjects, and bent architecture portrayed by the fisheye lens.

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When does perspective distortion arise?

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When the camera’s lens angle differs from the audience’s viewing angle.

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When does our impression of the picture’s perspective appear similar to that of the original scene?

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When the viewing angle equals the camera’s lens angle.

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What enables you to select small parts of the subject from a distance?

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Narrow-angle lens.

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Under practical conditions, what happens when you use a narrow-angle lens?

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Depth appears compressed and foreground-to-background distance seems shorter.

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What types of views appear distorted as close-ups when you use a narrow-angle lens?

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Three-quarters face and full-face views.

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Which lens causes more difficult camera work?

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Narrow-angle lens.

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Which lens provides you with a wide overall view of a scene?

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Wide-angle lens.

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What type of lens makes subjects seem farther away than they really are?

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Wide-angle lens.

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How are television cameras fastened to a tripod or pedestal?

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They cannot be fastened directly to a tripod or pedestal; they must first be attached to a dovetail plate which fastens to the camera pan/tilt head.

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State the fundamental purpose of the camera-mounting head.

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To hold the camera securely in place while permitting smooth rotation horizontally and vertically.

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What does a camera head use to limit camera movement?

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Separate lock and friction controls.

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Which device controls the amount of drag in camera movements?

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Friction controls.

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What is a pan and how is it accomplished?

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A horizontal (side-to-side) movement accomplished by rotating the camera left or right on a stationary pedestal or tripod. A pan should have a definite beginning and end.

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What is a tilt?

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A vertical, up and down rotation of the camera on a stationary mount.

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What is a pedestal camera movement?

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Raising or lowering the height of the entire camera, using the center telescoping column of the pedestal or
other mount.

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Explain the camera head leveling device and where you’ll find it used most often.

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This device is a small container filled with fluid and a small bubble of air sealed with a glass cover. The glass cover has a small circle drawn in its center. When the air bubble is in the center of the circle the camera pan/tilt head is level. You’ll find this device most often on adjustable-leg tripods used in the field environment.

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Which shot moves the entire camera closer to or farther away from a subject or scene?

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A dolly or dolly shot.

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What characteristic is common to ultraviolet and infrared light?

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They are not visible to the human eye.

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In normal photographic usage, is there any significant distinction between the terms “light,” “visible light,” and “white light”?

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No.

Front 148

What basic characteristic do tvisible light,” and “white light”?
have in common?

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They all describe the portion of the total light spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

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State the approximate frequency ranges that provide the visual sensation of perceiving: Blue.

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400–500 nm.

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State the approximate frequency ranges that provide the visual sensation of perceiving: Green.

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500–600 nm.

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State the approximate frequency ranges that provide the visual sensation of perceiving: Red.

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600–700 nm.

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222. Characteristics of light
Which characteristic of light causes it to be thrown back from a surface?

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Reflection.

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222. Characteristics of light
Which characteristic of light allows it to pass through an appropriate material?

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Transmission.

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222. Characteristics of light
What is the characteristic of light called when it is neither transmitted nor reflected?

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Absorption.

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222. Characteristics of light
What is the characteristic of light called when it may be bent from a straight line path?

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Refraction.

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222. Characteristics of light
What is the characteristic of light called when it may be separated into the respective color
components of white light?

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Dispersion.

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222. Characteristics of light
Which characteristic of light causes it to be scattered when it strikes the edge of an opaque medium?

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Diffraction.

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223. Primary, secondary, and complementary colors
What characteristic identifies a primary color?

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It cannot be created by any combination of the other two primary colors.

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223. Primary, secondary, and complementary colors
If the three primary colors of light are combined in proper proportion, what color of light results?

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White light.

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223. Primary, secondary, and complementary colors
What characteristic identifies a secondary color?

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Combining two adjoining primary colors.

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223. Primary, secondary, and complementary colors
Within the color star, what is the placement of complementary colors in relation to primary and secondary color placement?

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White.

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223. Primary, secondary, and complementary colors
If complementary colors of light are mixed in proper proportion, what color of light results? Why?

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White; because all three primary colors are present in the combined complementary colors.

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224. Rule of subtractive color filtration
State the rule of the effect of subtractive filtration applied to primary-colored filters.

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A primary-colored filter passes its own color but absorbs the other two primary colors.

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224. Rule of subtractive color filtration
State the rules of the effect of subtractive filtration applied to secondary-colored filters.

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(1) A secondary-colored filter passes its own color or either of the two primary colors that combine to create it.
(2) A secondary-colored filter does not pass the primary color that it complements.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light

What do you use natural (e.g., the sun) and artificial (studio or portable ENG) light to accomplish?

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To direct attention to specific areas giving prominence to particular features while subduing others; to reveal shape and form to give the illusion of volume, contour, size, and proportion; to establish the environment, the subject, and the relationship between them; to establish mood, atmosphere, and time of day; to maintain visual continuity of the factors above; and to satisfy technical requirements of the camera equipment.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light

What are the two classifications of all light, whether naturally or artificially produced?

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Hard or soft.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light

What kind of light is characterized as intense and directional, creating harsh shadows?

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Hard light.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light
What is diffusion material?

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Commercially available material designed to diffuse and soften your light sources and comes in several different types.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light

What increases or decreases depending on the surface of the object?

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Reflectivity value.

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225. Pictorial quality and color quality of light

Simply put, to what does ratio refer?

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The contrast between the brightest and darkest part of a scene.

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226. Safety when using lights
What is one of the first safety habits to get into when working with studio lights?

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Whenever possible, work in two-person teams.

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226. Safety when using lights
What components make up lamps and where are they mounted?

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Glass, metal, and porcelain ceramic components and they fit in a light fixture (also called a light instrument or head).

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226. Safety when using lights
What is the best protection against exploding studio lamps?

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Always screen lighting equipment located close to your subjects or studio crewmembers. Never turn on a light fixture when standing directly in front of it.

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226. Safety when using lights
When should the light fixture’s safety chain or cable be used? What does it do?

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Always use the light fixture’s safety chain or cable whenever fixtures are suspended overhead. This safety backup prevents the light from falling if its mount fails.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

What is the suspended pipe grid?

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The most common type of batten made of a series of metal pipes.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

How is a C-clamp used?

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To mount lighting instruments on pipe battens.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

What are lighting instruments plugged into and how are they identified on the control panel?

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Short cables with connector plugs, called pigtails, hanging from the plugging strips at equal intervals. Each pigtail has a number corresponding to a numbered patch cord on the main lighting control panel.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

Power cords in the ENG/EFP field environment or on the studio floor can become a problem if you use too many standing lights. What is a simple solution to this hazard?

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Use gaffer’s tape to tape the cord and possibly the light stand to the floor.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

What is a gaffer-grip or alligator clip and what does it allow you to do if it’s in your ENG light kit?

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Equipped with heavy spring-loaded jaws, the gaffer-grip can firmly grasp any solid, stable surface. The gaffer-grip allows you to set up ENG lights on tables, bookcases, partitions, and other places where a light stand might not fit.

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227. Mounting devices and accessories

What are floorstands and when are they most likely to be used?

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Telescoping metal poles mounted on tripod legs or casters; on ENG/EFP shoots, although some locations supplement their studio lights with ENG lights.

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228. Types of fixtures
Into what major categories can light fixtures be classified and what is the difference between them?

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Spotlights producing a very hard, directional beam of light (hard light), and floodlights producing a softer, diffused beam of light (soft lights).

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228. Types of fixtures
In all lighting equipment, what is the actual source of illumination?

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A lamp.

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228. Types of fixtures
What is the standard color temperature for TV lights?

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3,200 K.

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228. Types of fixtures
Name some characteristics of the regular tungsten lamp.

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They are relatively cheap, has a reasonably long life, is available in a wide range of intensities (power ratings), is generally reliable, and adaptable to many types of fittings.

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228. Types of fixtures
Identify the type of light that gives a much greater light output and a higher color temperature.

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Overrun lamps.

Front 186

228. Types of fixtures
Which type of lamp is ideal for color TV?

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Tungsten-halogen.

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228. Types of fixtures
Which lamp gives near-daylight illumination?

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Gas discharge lamps.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What type of light fittings includes scoops and broads?

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Soft-light fittings.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
Name the type of light housing used as key-lights, back-lights, and background lights.

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Spotlights/Fresnel spots.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What type of lamp housing is used to project patterns of stencils or slides?

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Effects/pattern projectors.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What type of light is used to isolate static subjects?

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Follow spots.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What are the most frequently used types of spotlights?

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Fresnels, ellipsoidals, and lensless or open face spotlights.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What are the most common types of floodlights?

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Scoops, soft lights, broads, and cyclorama lights.

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229. Lighting units used in production studios
What lamps do floodlights typically use and what floodlight uses fluorescent tubes?

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Tungsten halogen lamps; the cool light.

Front 195

230. Lighting basics
What are the most important operating characteristics for a camera?

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Operating light level, contrast range, and picture resolution.

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230. Lighting basics
Define contrast range.

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A relative concept in that it relates to the ratio between the lightest and darkest areas in a picture.

Front 197

230. Lighting basics
Regarding the background brightness, what is a simple rule when lighting a studio set for a conventional scene?

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Make the background brightness level darker than the principal subject’s face.

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230. Lighting basics
Specify the four secondary objectives of lighting related to its quality.

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(1) Psychological significance.
(2) Balanced composition.
(3) Depth and perspective.
(4) Pictorial.

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230. Lighting basics
What can you do with lights to express a melodramatic mood?

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You might use low key-lighting to cast huge, ominous shadows against the walls and ceiling.

Front 200

231. Basic lighting techniques
What effect does front-lighting have on a scene?

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It tends to flatten them.

Front 201

231. Basic lighting techniques

What is the simplest way to overcome this effect?

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Move the light to one side of the camera and direct the light toward the subject from an angle.

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231. Basic lighting techniques
What type of lighting is generally used to create dramatic or special effects?

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Cross-lighting.

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231. Basic lighting techniques
What happens to the scene when you use back-lighting?

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You affect a great deal of depth in the subject.

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232. Placement of lights
What is the principal source of illumination for a scene and what does it do?

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The key light; it provides the primary modeling (shadow or lack of shadow) effect, determines the camera’s operating level (f-stop), and acts as the reference point for all other lighting instruments.

Front 205

232. Placement of lights
When positioning the key, what is a good starting point?

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Approximately 30- to 40-degrees to the side of the camera and 30- to 35-degrees above the subject.

Front 206

232. Placement of lights
What is the function of the fill light?

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To reduce shadows produced by a hard light source.

Front 207

232. Placement of lights
Where and how should the backlight be positioned?

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As directly behind the subject as possible while still ensuring it’s out of the camera field of view. Place it at an angle that the hair and shoulders are highlighted while preventing it from illuminating the front of the subject or creating a bib-like shadow on their chest.

Front 208

232. Placement of lights
When you find yourself in a small room and the light you’re using is just too bright, for short ENG segments, what light might you consider using?

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232
Bounced light.

Front 209

232. Placement of lights
While bounced light solves the problem of uneven lighting; what is its disadvantage?

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It tends to hide the texture, form and dimension of subject matter.

Front 210

232. Placement of lights
The light available in the environment before you modify it with your own light fixtures or equipment describes what kind of light?

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Ambient light.

Front 211

232. Placement of lights
How are groups of people lit?

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You should consider each person in turn.

Front 212

232. Placement of lights
What do you avoid in lighting areas?

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Spreading high intensity base or foundation light overall, and superimposing spotlights for modeling and intensity variations.

Front 213

232. Placement of lights
What is the effect of intense soft-light?

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Flatten modeling and produce over-lit backgrounds.

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232. Placement of lights
How do you get the most attractive picture quality?

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The most attractive picture quality usually comes from analyzing the performance area into a series of locating points and tailoring the three-point lighting at each to suit the action.

Front 215

233. Controlling light
What are four methods of controlling light distribution?

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(1) Instrument positioning.
(2) Using barndoors and shutters.
(3) Beam modification.
(4) Instrument-to-subject distance adjustment.

Front 216

233. Controlling light
What are four methods of controlling light intensity?

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(1) Varying lamp wattage.
(2) Changing the lamp-to-subject distance.
(3) Modifying the beam.
(4) Adjusting dimmers.

Front 217

233. Controlling light
What is the most common studio light-measuring technique?

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The incident-light reading using a light meter.

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233. Controlling light

How do you take an incident-light reading and what are you measuring?

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Stand or sit at the principal subject’s location and point the meter’s light sensing cell toward the camera. This technique measures the amount of light emanating from one or more light sources aiming at your location.

Front 219

233. Controlling light

What can happen when dimming a lamp?

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233
It causes the color temperature of its light to change. You must be careful not to dim your lights too far or you will distort the color balance.

Front 220

233. Controlling light

How do you control to which dimmer channel a particular light is connected?

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The distribution of electrical power to each light instrument is controlled through the patch panel, enabling each instrument to be assigned to a particular dimmer channel.

Front 221

234. Lighting a set
What can each lighting fixture added to the scene do?

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234
Introduce unintended shadows or bright spots.

Front 222

234. Lighting a set
When speaking specifically of a set and not the people on the set, what fixtures do the simplest lighting use?

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234
Fixtures throwing broad, diffused, soft beams of light.

Front 223

234. Lighting a set
What does isolating the background illumination from the key, fill, and backlights give you?

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234
The maximum lighting control when balancing intensities of the different areas of the set.

Front 224

234. Lighting a set
The most common chroma key system uses a particular hue, usually chroma key green or chroma key blue as the key color. Why are these colors generally the most effective?

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Because these hues are the farthest removed from skin tones.

Front 225

235. Effect lighting
What is the purpose of effect lighting?

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235
Suggesting visual information that may not actually exist within the factual image.

Front 226

235. Effect lighting
When selecting effect lighting what must it do?

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It must have a purpose that aids your commitment statement.

Front 227

236. Lighting in the field
Generally, when lights are positioned along the camera-to-subject axis, like camera-mounted sun guns, what do they do to the subject?

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Make the subject look textureless, wash out the foreground, eliminate the sense of depth, and create visually distracting shadows.

Front 228

236. Lighting in the field
What is the simple, yet effective lighting formula?

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236
Camera, reporter, key light.

Front 229

236. Lighting in the field
Where does a variation of traditional two-point lighting place the second light and what purpose does this light serve?

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Approximately 120-degrees off the camera-to-subject axis on the opposite side of the camera from the key; a backlight and kicker light.

Front 230

236. Lighting in the field
Regardless of the lighting set-up, as long as you follow the simple formula, what does diagonally positioning the backlight opposite the key light always do?

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Keeps the back light out of the camera’s field of view.

Front 231

236. Lighting in the field
Describe the general use of reflectors.

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To supplement natural lighting.

Front 232

236. Lighting in the field
Describe the normal placement range for reflectors.

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Within some part of a 90-degree arc to the left or right of a line perpendicular to the position of the sun.

Front 233

236. Lighting in the field
What precautions do you observe to ensure that the use of reflectors will not be noticeable?

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Firmly stabilize and brace them so that movement isn’t magnified.