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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Flow-stimulated NO production |
1) shear stress causes change in glycocalyx movement 2) glycocalyx attached to cytoskeleton hence causes change in cytoskeleton 3) activation of calcium channels = high intracellular calcium |
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Effects of NO |
- less SMC contraction / proliferation - less vasoconstrictor production
Anti-Atherogenic Effects - less expression of adhesion molecules - less adhesion of monocytes / platelets - less platelet aggregation - less LDL oxidation |
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Oxidative stress |
1) drop in eNOS substrate / cofactor 2) eNOS produces superoxide 3) NO + superoxide = peroxynitrite 4) peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, proteins... 5) oxidative stress |
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Vasoconstrictor or vasodilator? (Prostanoids, EETs, angiotensin II, H2O2) |
prostanoids = vasoconstrictors EETs = vasodilators angiotensin II = vasoconstrictor H2O2 = both |
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Normal BP and HBP |
Normal: 120/80 HBP: 140/90 |
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Free cholesterol v cholesterol ester solubility |
Free cholesterol = amphiphilic Cholesterol ester = hydrophobic |
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ApoA1. ApoB48. ApoB100. ApoC11. ApoE. |
ApoA1 = receptor ligand on HDL ApoB48 = receptor ligand on chylomicron ApoB100 = receptor ligand on VLDL and LDL ApoC11 = cofactor for LPL on VLDL ApoE = receptor ligand on chylomicron, VLDL and LDL |
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What mutations can cause FH? |
Mutation in ApoB Mutation in LDL receptor Mutation in PCSK9 |
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Resting coronary BF and BF during vigorous exercise |
Resting = 225 ml/min Exercise = 800+ ml/min |
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Ischaemia on ECG |
ST depression on V1, V2, V3 |
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Coronary BF equation |
Coronary BF = pressure difference/ resistance |
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How does pericarditis cause SOB? |
1) heart is compressed 2) lower EDV 3) fluid stays backed up in lungs |
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Pericarditis on ECG |
PR depression ST elevation |
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Causes of viral pericarditis |
Coxsackie B HBV Influenzae Rubella Mumps |
CHIRM |
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High platelet count but low Hb usually means... |
Bleeding or inflammation |
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Difference between health selection and social selection |
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Effect of vagal stimulation on coronary blood vessels |
No effect |
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Range of cerebral autoregulation |
60 - 140 mmHg |
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Autonomic control of blood vessel calibre |
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Normal QRS |
< 0.12s |
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Intervals and segments on ECG |
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Blood vessels typically used in coronary a. bypass grafts |
Internal thoracic a. Great saphenous v. Radial a. |
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Effects of peroxynitrite |
- less anti-oxidant effects - impairs enzyme cofactors - inhibits membrane channels - protein aggregation |
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Effects of disturbed flow |
- less eNOS production (vasoconstriction) - inflammation - less endothelial repair - more ROS - permeability to lipoproteins - WBC adhesion - apoptosis - SMC proliferation - collagen deposition - less cytoskeletal / cellular alignment to direction of flow |
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Percentage drop in MI risk following smoking cessation, drop in BP and reduction of HbA1c |
Quitting: 50 - 70%
BP: 2 - 3% per 1mmHg
HbA1c: 14% per 1% drop in HbA1c |
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