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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atherosclerosis |
plaque buildup affecting moderate-large arteries thickening and narrowing of blood vessel wall |
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
spectrum of clinical entities ranging from angina to infarction to death symptoms present when lumen is at least 70% occluded |
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Angina Pectoris |
chest pain or pressure due to ischemia may be accompanied by Levines sign (fist over sternum) inbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand brought on by increased demand on heart, exertion, stress, smoking, extreme temps, overeating, vasospasm |
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Stable angina |
classic exertional angina occurs at a predictable rate pressure product, relieved with rest and/or nitorglycerin |
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Unstable angina |
coronary insufficiency at any time without any precipitating factors or exertion chest pain increases in severity, frequency, and duration; refractory to treatment |
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Variant angina |
caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries in the absence of occlusive disease responds well to nitroglycerin or calcium channel blocker |
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Angina pain in women |
sensations of discomfort, crushing, pressing, and bad ache |
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Symptoms of angina |
SOB ,fatigue, diaphoresis, weakness |
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Myocardial infarction |
prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of an area of the myocardium caused by occlusion of 1 or more coronary arteries |
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Transmural MI |
full thickness of myocardium ST elevated MI or Q wave MI STEMI |
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Non-transmural MI |
subendocardial, subepicardial, intramural non-ST elevated MI---NSTEMI non-Q wave MI |
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MI impaired ventricular function |
decreased SV, CO, and ejection fraction increased end diastolic ventricular pressures |
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Heart failure |
heart in unable to maintain adequate circulation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body |
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Left sided CHF |
pulmonary congestion, edema, and low CO due to back up of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium and lungs occurs with insult to the left ventricle from myocardial disease, excessive workload of heart, arrhythmias, valvular disease |
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Right sided CHF |
characterized by increased pressure load on the right ventricle with higher pulmonary vascular pressures mitral valve disease, chronic lung disease, produces hallmark signs of jugular vein distension and peripheral edema |
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Biventricular failure |
severe LV pathology producing backup onto the lungs increased PA pressure and RV signs of HF |
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Compensated HF |
heart returns to functional status with reduced CO and exercise tolerance control is achieved through physiological compensatory mechanisms |
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What physiological compensatory mechanisms are used in compensated HF |
SNS stimulation, LV hypertrophy, anaerobic metabolism, cardiac dilatation, arterial vasoconstriction |
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Pulmonary signs and symptoms of Left CHF |
dyspnea, dry cough, orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea pulmonary rales, wheezing |
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pulmonary signs and symptoms of Right CHF |
dependent edema weight gain ascites liver engorgement |
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Signs and symptoms of low CO in Left CHF |
hypotension tachycardia lightheaded, dizzy fatigue, weakness poor exercise tolerance enlarged heart on x-ray S3 heart sound murmurs |
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signs and symptoms of low CO in Right CHF |
anorexia, nausea, bloating cyanosis right upper quadrant pain jugular vein distension right sided S3 heart sound murmurs of pulmonary or tricuspid |
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PAD |
chronic, occlusive arterial disease diminished blood supply to affected extremities with decreased or absent pulses |
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Associated conditions with PAD |
HTN, HDL, CAD, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hx smoking |
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Early stages of PAD |
intermittent cladication burning, searing, aching, tightness, or cramping occurs regularly and predictably with walking, and relieved with rest |
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Late stages of PAD |
pain at rest, muscle atrophy, trophic changes |
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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers disease) |
chronic, inflammatory vascular occlusive disease of small arteries and also veins occurs commonly in young adults, males, who smoke begins distally and progresses proximally in both UE and LE |
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Signs and symptoms of Buergers disease |
paresthesias or pain, cyanotic cold extremity, diminished temperature sensatio, fatigue, risk of ulceration, gangrene |
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Diabetic angiopathy |
an inappropriate elevation of blood glucose levels and accelerated atherosclerosis Neuropathy--major complication neurotrophic ulcers may lead to gangrene and amputation |
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Raynauds Phenomenon |
episodic spasm of small arteries and arterioles abnormal vasoconstrictor reflex exacerbated by exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress tips of fingers develop pallor, cyanosis, numbness, and tingling largely affects females |
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Superficial vein thrombophlebitis |
clot formation and acute inflammation localized pain usually in saphenous vein |
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DVT |
clot formation and acute inflammation in a deep vein associated with venous stasis--bed rest, hyperactivity of blood coagulation, vascular trauma early ambulation is prophylactic |
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signs ans symptoms of DVT |
TTP, dull ache, tightness, or pain in calf swelling, warmth, skin discoloration and venous distention DO NOT USE HOMANS SIGN TO EVALUATE |
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DVT to PE |
presents abruptly with chest pain and dyspnea diaphoresis, cough, apprehension, requires EMERGENCY TREATMENT-life threatening |
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Medical management of DVT |
anticoagulation therapy--heparin thrombolytic agents--streptokinase ambulation and mobility encouraged after 1 dose of low weight heparin compression stocking 30-40 mmHg |
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Arterial Insufficiency skin changes |
pale, shiny, dry loss of hair nail changes coolness |
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venous insufficiency skin changes |
hemosiderin--dark, cyanotic brown skin fibrosis |
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arteial insufficiency ulceration |
may develo in toes, feet, or areas of trauma pale or yellow to black eschar regular in shape--punched ouy |
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venous insufficiency ulceration |
may develop at medial side of ankle along course of vein painful, shallow, exudative, granulation tissue at base irregular borders |
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chronic venous stasis/incompetence |
venous valvular insufficiency, venous dilation grade I-mild aching, minimal edema grade II- increased edema, dilated veins, changes in skin pigmentation grade III- venous claudication, severe edema, ulceration |
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Primary lymphedema |
congenital condition with abnormal lymph node or vessel formation |
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Secondary lymphedema |
acquired, due to injury of 1 or more parts if the lymphatic system surgery, tumors, trauma, infection, radiation therapy, chronic venous insufficiency, |
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Acute lymphangitis |
acute bacterial infection spreading throughout lymph system usually strep |
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Aneurysm |
localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel |
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Aortic aneurysm |
usually asymptomatic may have generalized abdominal or low back pain may cause pulsations near the navel |
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Cerebral aneurysm |
can cause a sudden and severe headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, LOC, double vision |
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Cardiomyopathy |
a group of conditions that affect the myocardium impairing the ability of the heart to contact and relax |
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3 types of cardiomyopathy |
dilated hypertrophic restrictive |
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Cor pulmonale |
pulmonary heart disease hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by altered structure or function of the lungs |
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Signs and symptoms of cor pulmonale |
cardinal sign--progressive SOB, esp with exertion fatigue, atypical chest pain swelling of LE, dizziness, syncope |
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Endocarditis |
inflammation of the endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves if left untreated, can cause damage or destroy heart valves and become life-threatening!!!! bacterial infection |
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Myocarditis |
inflammation and weakness of the myocardium can cause myocardium to become thick and swollen, which can lead to symptoms of heart failure viral or bacterial |
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Pericarditis |
inflammation of the pericardium of the heart pericardium has inner and outer layer with fluid in the middle which can cause pericardial effusion (increased fluid) |
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Signs and symptoms of pericarditis |
chest pain, SOB, dry cough, anxiety, fatigue, fever |
