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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where is the prostate located in respect to the rectum and bladder |
the prostate is located anterior to the rectum and inferior to the bladder. |
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What organ of the male reproductive system produces sperm |
testes |
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what serves as a place for sperm maturation and pathway for sperm |
epididymus |
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what structure secretes alkaline fluid, which is added to seminal fluid |
Seminal Vesicles |
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primary lymphatic drainage of the prostate |
obturator nodes |
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Where are the seminal vesicles located with respect to the prostate |
superior to the prostate in between the bladder and the rectum |
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primary lymphatic drainage of the testes |
para-aortic nodes |
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what is a risk factor for testicular cancer |
Cryptorchidism Klinefelter syndrome Mumps orchitis |
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when treating prostate cancer using conventional fractionation the typical total dose is |
78 Gy |
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What is Cryptorchidism |
when a testicle hasn't moved into the bag of skin below the penis before birth. |
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Tumor markers used to aid in the diagnosis of testicular cancer |
AFP HCG LDH serum markers |
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primary treatment for testicular cancer |
surgery |
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superior border for treatment fields when treating testicular cancer withexternal beam radiation therapy is |
T10 |
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what is the most common cancer in males |
prostate |
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Patients experiencing diarrhhea are advised to follow a |
low residue diet |
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Prostate cancer spreads to the |
bone |
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what is the most common histology of prostate cancer |
adenocarcinoma |
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What is the radioistope used to treat prostate cancer with brachytherapy |
Pd 103 |
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what is the second in mortality in the US |
prostate cancer |
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What is the average age for prostate cancer |
60 |
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Signs and Symptoms of Prostate cancer |
urinary tract obstruction pain in back, pelvis weight loss, fever, fatigue, anemia bone pain associated with Mets |
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What is the most common histology of prostate cancers |
adenocarcinoma |
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What are the four types of histologies of prostate cancers |
Adenocarcinoma transitional cell squamous cell sarcoma |
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Prostate workup includes |
CT MRI Transurethral ultrasound TRUS Biopsy via TURP Cystoscopy PSA, PAP, SAP markers Bone scan for suspected mets |
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Prostate staging and grading |
AJCC TNM Gleason grading |
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What does the gleason system assess
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differentiation of tissue sample |
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What does a gleason score of 2-4 mean |
well differentiated |
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What does a gleason score of 5-7 mean |
moderately differentiated |
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What does a gleason score of 8-10 mean |
poorly differentiated |
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Prostate: what is the tx with an early lesion and no positive LN |
surgical resection, total prostatectomy |
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Prostate: what is the tx to prostate bed and unresected prostate |
radiation therapy |
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Prostate: what are the radiation doses |
66-75 Gy in 1.8 Gy/Fx |
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Prostate: what is the tx for local lesions and low grade |
permanent LDR |
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Is prostate cancer chemoresponsive? |
no |
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when is hormonal therapy used for prostate cancer? |
for larger lesions anf metastatic lesions |
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Prostate: radiotherapy tx fields |
4 field box for larger lesions and LN involvement |
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Prostate: what are the field borders |
L5 to obturator foramen lat- 2cm beyond pelvic brim for coverage of external illiac nodes Lateral fields: ant pubis symphysis, post is S2 |
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what does full bladder help do
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decrease bowel volume in lateral fields |
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what method is used to deliver boost |
rotational arcs |
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What cancer is most common in males 15-35 |
testicular cancer |
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What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer |
painless, testicular mass testicular swelling Gynecomastia infertility back pain |
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What are the histologies of testicular cancer |
seminoma embryonal carcinoma teratocarcinoma choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumors teratomas |
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Where does testicular cancer commonly spread to distantly? |
lungs |
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what is a treatment method for testicular cancer |
radical inguinal orchiectomy and LN dissection for late stage |
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Treatment for seminomas stage I, IIA, IIB |
radiation therapy follows orchiectomy |
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Nonseminomas and beyond stage IIB |
orchiectomy and nodal dissection then chemo |
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Radiation treatment borders |
Inverted Y, hockey stick upper border T10, wide enough to include renal hilar nodes Lower border at the top of symphysis pubis or margin on inguinal scar Wide enough to include bilateral external iliac nodes |
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What type of blocking will be needed for the treatment of testicular cancer |
kidneys bowel bladder and bone marrow reserves in iliac crests |
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What are the daily dose schemes for testicular cancer |
125-180 cGy to total of 25-30 Gy |
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Testicular cancer with nodal involvement dose scheme |
35-40 Gy |
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Etiology of penile cancer |
no circumcision at birth phimosis poor hygiene, smegma HPV ultraviolet radiation smoking |
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Signs and symptoms of penile cancer |
Mass, ulceration, bleeding, discharge pain |
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Penile cancer histology |
Queyrat and Bowen disease squamous cell basal cell Melanoma |
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Lymphatic drainage of penis |
inguinal nodes and regional LN |
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What staging system is used for penile cancer |
Jackson's staging system or TNM, Mohs technique is helpful |
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penile ca tx |
radical surgery- total penectomy Topical chemotherapy laser ablation mohs surgery radiation with EBRT or insterstitial brachytherapy |
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what is the dose scheme when treating penile cancer |
2Gy daily up to 60-74 Gy |
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what happens if no penile box is used when treating penile cancer? |
severe moist desquamation |
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The most common cancer of germinal origin of the testis |
seminoma |
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how many histologic patterns does the gleason scale use |
5 |
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what is HCG |
human Chronic Gonadotropin- blood serum marker helps diagnose germ cell tumors like seminoma |
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Which male organ requires least dose to cure |
testis
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Which male organ requires most dose to cure |
prostate |
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hormone thereapy for prostate cancer may include |
lupron - lutenizing hormone inhibitor |
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inguinal dose is to be delivered with 80% dose line at 5cm, what energy is needed? |
15 MEV |
