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70 Cards in this Set
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What took place at Oka? How was the confrontation resolved? |
The town council decided to expand a gold course into Mohawk land. The Mohawks decided to stop the construction by blocking the land. This resulted to a standoff between the Quebec police, the Canadian army and the Mohawk warriors. Across Canada other Aboriginal groups showed their support by blocking highways and railway tracks. There was negotiations to end the crisis, toward the end of September members of other bands persuaded the Mohawks to end the stand off. The land was given to Kanesatake Mohawks. |
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Who were/ what was/ describe: Baby boomers, Yuppies, Gen Xers, Generation Y? |
Baby boom- the increase of in birth rate after WWII Yuppies- financially secure boomers became known as yuppies, which stood for young urban (or upwardly mobile) professionals. Gen Xers- the generation following the baby boomers. It was smaller than its predecessors. They were the first so called matchup kids, children of single working partners or those who lived in households in which both parents worked. Generation Y- made up of people born between mid-1970s and the end of the 1990s. |
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What were some of the technologies and scientific developments of the 1980s/ 1990s? |
Not pocket size cellphones, smaller cellphones, computers, laptop, VCRs, microwave ovens, cable television, vinyl records, CDS, Canadarm, cloning of mammals. |
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How have Canadian Immigration patterns changed in terms of place of origin? |
It became more multicultural than ever before. Policies encouraged immigrants with money and business skills to create jobs by investing in existing companies or starting new ones. Immigrants were drawn to Canadians cities. 94.9% of Canada's foreign born populate and 97.2% of recent immigrants who had landed in the last 5 years lived in urban communities. |
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What was Bill C-93 and what did it set to do? |
It is the Canadian multiculturalism act and acted by Parliament in 1988, to provide a legal framework for existing multiculturalism policies across Canada |
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How are basic human rights advance in the 1980s and 1990s? |
equality rights for women were enshrined in the constitution in 1982. In 1985, aboriginal woman won the right to aboriginal status even if they married non-aboriginals. Gay rights activism also accelerated during this period. In 2005 Canada had become the fourth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage through the passage of the civil marriage act. |
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How was the spirit of generosity expressed in the 1980s? |
People formed supergroups around the world and it recorded songs to raise money for a famine relief. Proceeds from the recording would go to the countries. |
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How did the Canadian government address the abuses associated with residential schools? |
The grand chief of the assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, Phil Fontaine, spoke out about the physical and sexual abuse he suffered at a residential school. Other soon came forward with horrifying stories of abuse. 18 years later Prime Minister Stephen Harper read an official apology Aboriginal people in the House of Commons. |
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What was the purpose of the Assembly of First Nations. |
It was formed in 1982, to represent Aboriginal peoples in their dealing with the federal government. |
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What was Bill C-31 and what did it do? |
It gave aboriginal band councils the power to decide who had the right to live on aboriginal reserves. Previously decisions of this sort had been made by the federal government department of Indian affairs. |
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What were the rights associated with aboriginal self government? |
The right to manage resources and gain control of the education, culture, and justice system. This would give them the tools needed to tackle social health concerns in the communities. |
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What is the difference between specific land claims and comprehensive land claims? |
Specific land claims have arisen in areas were treaties between aboriginal people and the federal government have been signed, but their terms have not been kept. Comprehensive claims have questioned the ownership of land in large parts of Canada that were never surrendered by treaty. |
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For the most part, what type of land claims hap question in the British Columbia? |
Most land claims have been comprehensive, as aboriginal nations never officially gave up their claims to most of what is now British Columbia. |
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What aboriginal group in BC asserted early land claims? |
The Royal proclamation of 1763 declared that any plans whatsoever, which, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to the Indians. Treaties were not signed except in a few areas, such as the provinces north east corner and parts of Vancouver Island. |
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How are those claims ultimately dealt with and settled? |
Opponents of comprehensive claims argue that the 1763 proclamation cannot be valid in parts of Canada's such as north and British Columbia, that were not knows to the British at the time. They assert that Canada exercised the traditions of discovers and conquerors. |
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How has the issue of aboriginal self-government changed the map of Canada? |
It created the territory of Nunavut in 1999 which was the largest treaty ever negotiated in Canada. It gave the Inuit of the northern area political control over 2,000,000 km² of the eastern arctic. |
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What was the purpose and findings of the Royal commission of aboriginal peoples? |
The federal government's launched an extensive study of the issue that affected aboriginal people. The commission travel around for five years gathering information and talking to aboriginal and non-aboriginal Canadians.The report concluded that sweeping changes were needed to mend the relationship between aboriginal people and the government. |
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What was the goal of the sovereignty association? |
A proposal by Quebec nationalists that Quebec have political independence yet retain close economic ties or association with Canada. |
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What Promise did Trudeau make leading up to the referendum of 1980? |
He promised to negotiate a new constitution, which proved popular among Québécois who want to constitution that recognized Quebec as an equal partner in confederation and as a distinct society within Canada. |
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Explain the term distinct society. |
A phrase that refers to the recognition of the unique nature of Quebec within Canada; it often has the sense that Quebec should have special powers and privileges to protect its language and culture. |
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What was the outcome of the referendum of 1980? |
Only 40% of Québécois voted yes to sovereignty association. |
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What was Canada's constitution known as?
What obstacles stood in the way of the federal government changing Canada's constitution |
The British North America Act, since 1867.
Since the BNA act fell under British jurisdiction, no changes could be made without the British Parliament's approval |
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Why was Prime Minister Trudeau particularly keen to patriate the constitution? |
So that the Canadian government would have sole authority to make changes to it. Above all, to include the constitution a clear statement of the basic rights in which all Canadians are entitled. |
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What problems needed to be solved before the constitution could be patriated? |
Trudeau needed to come up with a formula for amending, or making changes, to the constitution. |
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What year was the Canadians constitution signed? |
On April 27, 1982 Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Trudeau signed the new Constitution Act into Law. |
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What was Prime Minster Brian Mulroney's constitutional goal when he took office in 1984?
What Problems did this goal face? |
It's for his priority was to negotiate an agreement to have Quebec sign the constitution.
But by then, other provinces wanted more control of resources. For example Newfoundland and Alberta. Both demanded reforms to be senate thaw would give them a stronger voice in Ottawa. |
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Explain the term, western alienation. |
a feeling of resentment by some inhabitants of western Canada against perceived favouritism by the national government towards the eastern provinces |
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What proposal did Mulroney make in the Meech Lake accord? |
He proposed a package of amendment that included an offer to recognize Québec as a distinct society. |
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What were the arguments against the accord? |
Former Prime Minister Trudeau argues that the designation of Quebec as a distinct society would create "two solitudes" in Canada. It would simply isolate the Francophones of Quebec and make them less, rather than more a part of confederation. |
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Who was Elijah Harper, what did he do and why? |
He was a Cree Member of the Manitoba Legislature, opposed the Meech Lake Accord because it didn't recognize Canada's Aboriginal Nations as a distinct society. |
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What happened to the Meech Lake Accord? When? |
2 provinces, Manitoba and Newfoundland, withheld their support from the Accord, and it died on June 1990. |
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What took place in Quebec in response to these events? |
The failure of the Accord was seen as a rejection of Quebec itself, even a humiliation. Support in Quebec for separation had speared to 64%. A powerful member of the PMs cabinet resigned and in protest and formed a new national party, the Bloc Québécois. It would run in federal elections but it remained committed to Quebec separation. |
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What was the basis for the 2003 war in Iraq and what were the results? |
The US decided to invade Iraq to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. The US was joined by Australia, Britain, and Poland. No WMD were found in Iraq. The US and Britain, with some contingents from other countries defeated Iraq and occupied the country. |
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What were the events of September 11, 2001 ? |
A terrorist attack of unprecedented magnitude and severity shocked the world. 2 planes flew into the twin towers of the world trade centre in New York City. Another plane flown into the pentagon, the headquarters of the US department of defence in Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attach the hijackers. 2976 people were killed and many more injured. |
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What proposals were contained in the Charlottetown Accord? |
It was a proposed package of constitutional amendments. Also proposed reforming the senate |
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What was NAFTA? What were some arguments for and against? |
The agreement signed in 1992 and implemented in 1994 between the US, Mexico, and Canada to create a free trade zone among countries.
Major fear that NAFTA opponents was that companies operating in Canada would move to Mexico to take advantage of the low wages and less strict anti-pollution laws.
Those of supported argued that while a few companies might move to Mexico, more would remain in Canada because Canadian workers are better educated and skilled. |
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What problem did Jean Chrétien encounter when he came to office? |
They inherited a staggering national debt close to $459 billion. |
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What did the Liberals do first? What did they do later? Why? |
Wtf |
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What did the Liberals do first? What did they do later? Why? |
They injected $6 billion into the economy through public works such as road repairs and new bridges. He then eliminated more than 40 000 jobs in federal civil services and drastically refers money transfers to provinces for post-secondary educations, health care, and welfare. |
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What was the affect of the Liberal polices? |
Hi |
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How was acceptance and rejection of the Charlottetown Accord to b determined?
What was the outcome? What were some of the reasons for that outcome? |
It was put in a national referendum in October 1992.
54.3% of Canadian voters rejected it. Highest was from BC. They felt that the accord gave Quebec too much power and they objected to the guarantee that Quebec would always have 25% of the seats if the HOC. |
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What action did Quebec take in response to the result of the Charlottetown Accord? |
Many voters believed that the Accord did not give them enough power because of if the senate seats would to go the west. They also objected to Aboriginal self-government because it would affect a large portion of northern Quebec. |
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What steps did the federal government take following the referendum of 1995? |
The federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien prepare guidelines for any future votes, stressing that the cost of sovereignty would be high for Québécois. |
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In the context of Canada's economy, what is meant by the term, deficit? |
Provincial and federal governments often ran deficits as government expenditures were greater than revenues. The amount of money taken in. The amount of money taken in, mostly through taxes. |
Provincial and federal governments often ran deficits as government expenditures were greater than revenues. The amount of money taken in. The amount of money taken in, mostly through taxes. |
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What examples did Brian Mulroney try to follow as a way of addressing the problem? Government debt. |
His approach was inspired by conservative governments in the US and Britain. Which were cutting back on the role of government in the economy. |
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What specific steps did Mulroney take to address the national debt and deficit? |
He planned to use the approach to cut the debt. He would save now he by trimming socials programs, and the saving would help pay off the debt. Also simulate the economy by cutting taxes. Tighten economic links with the US. |
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What was the Foreign Investment Review Agency? What did Mulroney do with it? |
Some measure where taken to limit US investment, such as the FIRA. Which was formed by Trudeau government in 1973 to block any foreign investment that seemed not to be in Canada's interest.
Mulroney announced that Canada was open for business. He dismantled FIRA and replaced it with Investment Canada, a body that would encourage suitable foreign investment. |
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What was the result of Mulroney's actions? |
His plan to cut the debt did not work as planned. Canada's was hit by a recession in 1990. Businesses failed and workers lost their jobs. Once again the debt increased and the government was forced to increase, rather than cut taxes. |
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What was the affect of the Liberal polices? |
Universities and colleges has to raise tuition frees. Health care costs rose rapidly. New drugs and technologies were expensive and an aging population meant more demand on the system. Federal government cut transfer payments. Hospitals wards were closed, length of historical stays were reduced, staff was cut and Registered nurses were replaced by aids with less training. More Canadians were homeless and many rely on food banks. Children lived in poverty. |
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What did the solution of these problems eventually come to be know as and why?
Name and explain the solutions that were we're finally agreed upon. |
Amending formula.
The agreement was that changed to the constitution could only be made with the agreement of 7/10 provinces, representing 50% of the population. Quebec could be excluded as long as Ontario is included. |
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How and when did the Cold War end? |
By the mid-1980s soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union could no longer afford its costly arms race with the US. He proposed massive curs in the arsenal of both superpowers. These polices called perestroika and glasnost, encouraged the people of east Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania to demand similar reforms in their countries. By 1991, the Soviet Union had collapsed, and the Cold War was over |
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What was the significance of Tiananmen Square? |
China tried to experiment with a kind of perestroika allowing capitalism to flourish in some areas of economy. However Chinese citizens' hopes for political freedom were brutally dashed in Tiananmen Square in June 1989. Red Army soldiers and tanks attacked students involved in the democracy movement, killing hundreds, perhaps thousand of protesters. |
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In what ways did the end of the Cold War not bring an era of peace? |
Instead, regional conflicted and ethnic rivalries erupted, most notable in the Persian Gulf, the former Yugoslavia and Africa. |
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What was the new world order that US president, George H.W Bush spoke of? What were the circumstances of him using this phrase? |
After the victory in the Gulf War Bush proclaimed a new world order, one in which the UN would take a much more active role as a global police force. |
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In what ways did Rwanda represent failures of the UN? |
The population divided into Tutsis and Hutus. The Hutus overthrew the governments led by the Tutsis, and a mass murder took place. The UN then send some peacekeepers under Romeo Dallaire. The UN ignored Dallaire's request and so a genocide swept Rwanda because no troops were sent to to stop the fighting. |
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Who was Romeo Dallaire and what did he do? |
He was a Canadian Lieutenant that commanded a small detachment of peacemakers send by the UN.
He sent a series of urgent appeals to the UN headquarters and outlined an ambitious military plan to half all the killing. |
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Somalia. UN failure. |
Canadian forces took a more aggressive stance, Rather than being peacekeepers. But, the Canadian Airborne Regiment found and arrested a Somali teen wandering around the Canadian base camp, which led to the Airborne regiment being disbanded and hurting Canada's reputation. |
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Yugoslavia. UN failure. |
After Yugoslavia Prime Minister Josip Tito and Slobodan Milosevic became president of Serbia in 1989, the UN had peacekeeping missions sent to the area but were unable to control the situation through negotiations. So the NATO stepped in, and engaged in controversial air strikes on the federal republic of Yugoslavia. |
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What debates in Canada did these events bring about? |
Canada's participation in bombing the federal republic of Yugoslavia started debates on whether it was necessary in preventing the Serb-Albanian conflict from spreading. Some argued that the UNs involvement just escalated the conflict. |
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What was the basis of the war in Afghanistan? |
After the 9/11 attack, the United States, with the support of United Kingdom attacked Afghanistan. The aim of the attack was to destroy Al Qaedaand it's leader Osama bin Laden, as well as the Islamic fundamental Taliban government that supported and protected this terrorists. |
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How did Quebec react to the solution? |
They felt that the government and premiers ganged up to deny Quebec recognition of its distinct status. |
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What has been Canada's role in the war in Afghanistan? |
Canada's involvement began in 2001 when they sent a Nabel task force to the Persian Gulf. They provided security for elections which were held in the fall of 2005.approximately 2500 Canadian personnel in Afghanistan, and 138 had died in the fighting. Soon many Canadians opposed to military involvement in Afghanistan. |
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What is the purpose of team Canada? |
Chrétien send team Canada trade mission to Asia and Latin America to secure deals for Canadian investment and exports. To explain Canada's trading opportunities. |
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What is APEC and what are its goals? |
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. To promote cooperation, freer trade, and economic growth among Pacific Rim countries. |
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Explain the concept of globalization. |
It's the process by which the regions and countries of the world are becoming economically and culturally interconnected. |
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What are some concerns regarding globalization in general and the impact of globalization on Canada and Canadian values? |
Opponents say that globalization makes businesses rich at the cost of workers everywhere. Canada has introduced human rights as a topic in some of its trade talks, a move critics believe does little to change conditions in countries with poor human rights records. A |
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Explain the connection between globalization and the Kyoto Protocol. |
The global community has come together to work on environmental mental issues. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that sets targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. |
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How were the Cold War tensions manifested in the 1980s? |
In September 1983, soviet jets shot fine a Korean passenger jet that had stayed into soviet air space. Next month the US forces invaded the Caribbean nation of Grenada and deposed the pro-soviet. The 2 superpowers accused one another of provoking hostilities . |
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How was Canada's relations with the US under Brian Mulroney different than they were under Pierre Trudeau? |
His approach to international relations was the opposite of Trudeau's. In many ways he worked to forge closer links with the US and developed a close personal relationship with president Ronald Reagan, with whom he shared a conservative philosophy. Trudeau wanted to be les depends on the US |
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What was SDI and how did it relate to Canada? |
It was a plan to create a defence shield, part of which would orbit the earth. This strategic defence initiative, nicknamed Star Wars, had an enormous budget.
Across Canada, anti-nuclear groups protested Canada's possible investment. Theses groups believed that Star Wars would provoke other nations to develop similar weapons. Canada eventually decline to participate. |
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