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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the term baby boom and state how it pertains to the post-war Canada |
The increase in the birth rate that occurred after the Second World War became known as the baby boom. For a time Canada's birth rate was the highest in the industrial world, peaking in 1959. |
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What are suburbs, why did they develop and what were their characteristics? |
Houses were being built for Canada's growing populations, many were in the outlying areas of cities, the suburbs, where land was less expensive. Cheap land encouraged low-density building: big houses on large lots with lawns, patios, even swimming pools. |
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What was the 1950s considered the Age of Automobile? How did the automobile change society? |
In the 1950s, Canadians fell in love with cars and bought about 3.5 million of them.
For people living in the suburbs, a car was a great conveniences. Although suburban houses were often plain and functional, cars grew steadily fancier with lots of chrome, fins, and fancy tail lights. |
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What values, concerning the role of women, were promoted in post-war Canada? |
Traditional families would have a stay at home mother and the fathers role was to be the breadwinner. Popular women's magazine denounced working mothers as the cause of delinquent children. Fashions of the day empathized femininity: long, full skirts; and narrow waist; and high heels. Women were encouraged to beautify themselves and their homes by consuming these products. Many women care to resent suburban life. |
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Describe some of the characteristics of teenage culture. What factors contributed to its development. |
Boy Scouts, girl guided and other youth organizations flourished, as did minor sports. Governments built thousands of new schools, arenas, and playgrounds to accommodate the needs of "boomers"
There were no wars or economic hardships to force students out of school and into the adult world. |
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Discuss the growing popularity of television in the 1950s. |
In the early 1950s, a television set cost about 20% of an average annual income. Neighbours and relatives would gather to watch at the homes of those lucky enough to own a set. Television soon became something of a necessity, especially families with children. |
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What is meant by the term, consumer society and how did television contribute to it? |
The advertisers that sponsored television shows were sending the powerful and appealing message that consumption was the road to happiness.
TV also encouraged youngsters to become consumers. Advertising was one of the biggest areas of economic growth during the decade. |
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When and what was the purpose of the Massey Commission?
What recommendations did the Massey Commission make? |
In 1949, the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture.
When the commission reported in 1951, is suggested that Canadian culture needed to be protected from US influences. |
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Examples of how the recommendations of the Massey Commissions were met. |
Canadian television would be used to promote national communication and for cultural education in drama and music.Government would be involved in funding universities and the arts. The creation of the Canadian radio television and telecommunication commission in 1968. This agency would regulate the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content. |
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Who were displaced persons and how many came to Canada at the end of World War II? |
They were those who were forced to leave their native home because of war or for political reasons. Canada excepted 165 000 displaced persons, settling them in communities across the country. |
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How many immigrants came to Canada between 1945 and 1967?
Where did these immigrants settled? |
More than 2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1960.
They usually settled in cities of central Canada where their cultures and hard work enriched Canada in many ways. Older areas of largest cities, vacated as veterans and their families moved to suburbs, became home to vibrate new communities. |
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Explain the spike in immigration to Canada in 1956 and 1968/69. |
In 1956 won a violent revolution broke out in Hungary, federal and provincial government's relaxed entry requirements allowing more than 37 000 Hungarians come to Canada.
Many Czechs and Slovaks came to Canada from Czechoslovakia in 1968-1969 under similar circumstances. |
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How were aboriginal war veterans treated upon returning to Canada? |
Those who had served in the military during the war still faced institutionalized racism and other barriers when they returned home.
Aboriginal soldiers were denied the same benefits as other veterans. |
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What changed were made to the Indian Act and what remained the same? |
Women gained the right to vote in band elections, and potlatches and wearing traditional regalia were no longer illegal.
The Indian Act still maintained the federal governments power to define Indian status and band membership and continued to control the political and economic lives. |
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Describe the resettlement of Inuit in the high North of Canada in the early 1950s. |
The government relocated Inuit families to the High Arctic, almost 2000 km away from their former homes. |
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For what reasons is Louis St. Laurent credited with the development of progressive social policies in Canada, as well as increased Canadian autonomy from Britain? |
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When and what was the purpose of the Massey Commission?
What recommendations did the Massey Commission make? |
In 1949, the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture.
When the commission reported in 1951, is suggested that Canadian culture needed to be protected from US influences. |
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|
Examples of how the recommendations of the Massey Commissions were met. |
Canadian television would be used to promote national communication and for cultural education in drama and music.Government would be involved in funding universities and the arts. The creation of the Canadian radio television and telecommunication commission in 1968. This agency would regulate the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content. |
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Who were displaced persons and how many came to Canada at the end of World War II? |
They were those who were forced to leave their native home because of war or for political reasons. Canada excepted 165 000 displaced persons, settling them in communities across the country. |
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How many immigrants came to Canada between 1945 and 1967?
Where did these immigrants settled? |
More than 2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1960.
They usually settled in cities of central Canada where their cultures and hard work enriched Canada in many ways. Older areas of largest cities, vacated as veterans and their families moved to suburbs, became home to vibrate new communities. |
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Explain the spike in immigration to Canada in 1956 and 1968/69. |
In 1956 won a violent revolution broke out in Hungary, federal and provincial government's relaxed entry requirements allowing more than 37 000 Hungarians come to Canada.
Many Czechs and Slovaks came to Canada from Czechoslovakia in 1968-1969 under similar circumstances. |
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How were aboriginal war veterans treated upon returning to Canada? |
Those who had served in the military during the war still faced institutionalized racism and other barriers when they returned home.
Aboriginal soldiers were denied the same benefits as other veterans. |
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What changed were made to the Indian Act and what remained the same? |
Women gained the right to vote in band elections, and potlatches and wearing traditional regalia were no longer illegal.
The Indian Act still maintained the federal governments power to define Indian status and band membership and continued to control the political and economic lives. |
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Describe the resettlement of Inuit in the high North of Canada in the early 1950s. |
The government relocated Inuit families to the High Arctic, almost 2000 km away from their former homes. |
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For what reasons is Louis St. Laurent credited with the development of progressive social policies in Canada, as well as increased Canadian autonomy from Britain? |
St. Laurent led a progressive government that expanded social welfare programs, such as old age pensions and family allowances.
He increased autonomy by making supreme court the highest court, appointing the first Canadian born Governor General, Vincent Massey and negotiating with Britain to give Canadian parliament the power to amend portions of its own constitution. |
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Trace how and when Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province. |
St. Laurent was part of the negotiations that resulted in Newfoundland joining Canada. Until 1932, Newfoundland had been an independent, self-governing dominion within the British empire. During the depression, the island suffered so badly that its government had gone bankrupt. In 1948, the islanders were given the opportunity to vote on their political future in a referendum. |
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Who was Joey Smallwood? |
JR Joey Smallwood was a Newfoundland politician that argues Union with Canada would bring modernization to the province. |
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Explain Newfoundland's centralization program. When and why was he implemented. |
The program offered compensation to people who wanted to move to larger centred. Families were paid an average of $302 and many people had been resettled. Newfoundlanders unemployed rate increased. |
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What values did Maurice Duplessis attempt to promote in Quebec? |
Duplessis promoted the idea of Quebec as a distinctive nation rather than another Canadian province. He introduced a new flag bearing the French symbol. |
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What role did the Catholic Church play in Quebec society? |
Under Duplessis, the Roman Catholic Church was the main defender of Quebec's culture. The Church praised the old Quebec traditions of farm, faith, and family. |
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How did Duplessis attempt to secure Quebec's economic prosperity? |
He encouraged foreign investment in Quebec. The province promised low taxes and guarantees cheap labour. In return for favourable business conditions, companies were expected to contribute generously to the Union Nationale. |
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Why is the Duplessis era referred to as, the Great Darkness? |
Bribery and corruption because the trademarks of the Duplessis regime. Thousands of children housed in orphanages financed by the province were falsely certified as mentally ill and moved into insane asylums. |
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How did the Canadian government respond to the concerns of veteran who were returning from World War II?
What was the veterans land Act |
New laws ensured that they got their old jobs back if they wanted them and that the years they had been at war were counted as years of service in the job.
Government policy encouraged women to leave factories to make room for men, which freed up many jobs.
It gave veterans mortgages at lower rates. |
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What was the purpose of transfer payments and how did they work? |
As a wartime measure, the provinces had transferred their economic powers to the federal government. In return, they received Services such as health and education. Through equalization or transfer payments to the poorer provinces. |
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How did C.D. Howe help Canadian industry shift to a consumer economy. |
Howe gave economic incentives such as generous rad breaks to pricey industries. Soon, factories were producing washing machines, automobiles, and other items that were in demand. |
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Who was Igor Gouzenka, what did he do? |
He was a Russian citizen, who was worming as a clerk at the soviet embassy in Ottawa. In September 1945 he went to the Ottawa journal with documents providing that a Soviet spy ring was Operation within the Canadian government. When no one read it he went to the offices of the RCMP, the department of justice, and the prime minister. |
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What was the significance of what Igor did? |
Still no one believed him but then the Soviet agents broke into his apartment and him and his family for protections from Canadian authorities. Canadian officials informed the British and American governments of the spy ring. No February 1946, the RCMP made several arrests. |
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Why did relations between the US and the Soviet Union change after World War II? |
Once the war was over, tensions surfaced. There were difference in their political and economic systems.
Soviet Union were communists. The US were capitalist. |
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Explain the concept of a Cold War. |
A period lasting approximately from 1945 to 1989 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union and its allies and the capitalist United States and its allies |
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Why didn't the US and Soviet union confront each other directly? |
The Cold War was not a traditional warfare, there are no shots fired and no battles took place. But at the same time both sides built up a huge stockpile so sophisticated arms, including the atomic bomb another nuclear weapons and also spied on one another.
The rivals became super powers, each capable of inflicting massive destruction. |
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How did post war tensions between the US and the Soviet Union affect Canada's relations with the US? |
It force Canada to align itself closely with the US interests. Same time, and try to remain true to the goals of Canada.
During the early decades of the Cold War, many Canadians worried that an open war between the Soviet Union and the United States would result in a rain of nuclear bombs and missiles on Canada. |
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What was the Canadian governments early response to the threat of war between the US and the Soviet Unionand Mark |
The federal government an auto what develops civil defence plans, and cities prepare to protect their population. Some cities have a nuclear shelters in deep basements or subway tunnels. |
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How did Canadians respond to the fear of communism in Canada? |
Canadians feared the spread of communism, the Red Menace referred to the threat from the communis Soviet unions and its allies.
In 1949, conservative leaders tried to making the spread of communism an issue. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent refuse to outlaw communism, as he thought such tactics were trademarks of dictatorship, not democracies. |
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What is Commonwealth and la Francophonie? |
Commonwealth is countries that once belong to the British Empire. La Francophonie is an organization of French-speaking state, which were former colonies of France. |
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What was the Colombo plan? |
1950, Commonwealth countries, including Canada, established the Colombo plan to provide money and aid to the less developed countries in the organization. |
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From what part of the economy did much of Canada's post-war wealth come? |
Massive development of mines, forests and smelters encouraged economic boom. |
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Where did the developments of Canada's post war wealth take place? |
One is the most important developments was the discord of oil at Leduc, Alberta, in 1947. By the 1950s, more than half of the nation's factories and plants and 99% of its automobile industry were located in Ontario. |
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What were magaprojects and how did they contribute to Canada's prosperity in the 1950s? |
They were large-scale construction projects that require a huge capital investment; the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway is an example. It changed the face of the Canadian landscape. |
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What were some of the negatives associated with the megaprojects? |
It caused pollution. Solid industrial wastes were simply buried, creating toxins landfills on which housing, schools, and playgrounds were sometimes constructed. Pulp and paper and petrochemical plants dumped wastes directly into streamsC contaminating lakes and rivers. |
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What are some better known megaprojects? |
Trans Canada Highway- longest national highway in the world.
Kemano Project- created to generate hydroelectric
Transcanada Pipeline- carries gas from Alberta to Quebec
St. Lawrence seaway- allows large ships from Atlantic to travel to Lake Superior |
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Describe Canada's economic relationship with the United States in the 1950s |
The US looked to Canada as a vast storehouse of minerals and other natural resources. Soon America controlled 70% of oil and gas investment, 52% of mining and smelting, 43% of Canadian manufacturing. In addition American companies had opened numerous branch plants in Canada. Although it was beneficial for both, proctors from the branch plants went back to the parent corporation in the US. It looked like Canada was losing control of its economy. |
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3 examples of major Canadian owned industries. |
Forestry companies, newspaper, gas stations and timber. |
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What role did unions play in the Canadians economy? |
In 1946 and 1947, strikes were frequent as workers fought for the right to form unions and pressed for wages that would support a family. They also fought for a greater share of the country's prosperity.
As a result wages rose. |
|
|
Which segments of Canadian society did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s? |
The working poor in cities, including immigrants, washed dishes, cleans offices, sweated in meat-packing plants, or toiled at sewing machines under miserable conditions.
Women who couldn't afford to be stay at home wives and were discriminated by employers. |
|
|
How did C.D. Howe help Canadian industry shift to a consumer economy. |
Howe gave economic incentives such as generous tax breaks to private industries. Soon, factories were producing washing machines, automobiles, and other items that were in demand. |
|
|
Who was Igor Gouzenka, what did he do? |
He was a Russian citizen, who was worming as a clerk at the soviet embassy in Ottawa. In September 1945 he went to the Ottawa journal with documents providing that a Soviet spy ring was Operation within the Canadian government. When no one read it he went to the offices of the RCMP, the department of justice, and the prime minister. |
|
|
What was the significance of what Igor did? |
Still no one believed him but then the Soviet agents broke into his apartment and him and his family for protections from Canadian authorities. Canadian officials informed the British and American governments of the spy ring. No February 1946, the RCMP made several arrests. |
|
|
Why did relations between the US and the Soviet Union change after World War II? |
Once the war was over, tensions surfaced. There were difference in their political and economic systems.
Soviet Union were communists. The US were capitalist. |
|
|
Explain the concept of a Cold War. |
A period lasting approximately from 1945 to 1989 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union and its allies and the capitalist United States and its allies |
|
|
Why didn't the US and Soviet union confront each other directly? |
The Cold War was not a traditional warfare, there are no shots fired and no battles took place. But at the same time both sides built up a huge stockpile so sophisticated arms, including the atomic bomb another nuclear weapons and also spied on one another.
The rivals became super powers, each capable of inflicting massive destruction. |
|
|
How did post war tensions between the US and the Soviet Union affect Canada's relations with the US? |
It force Canada to align itself closely with the US interests. Same time, and try to remain true to the goals of Canada.
During the early decades of the Cold War, many Canadians worried that an open war between the Soviet Union and the United States would result in a rain of nuclear bombs and missiles on Canada. |
|
|
What was the Canadian governments early response to the threat of war between the US and the Soviet Unionand Mark |
The federal government an auto what develops civil defence plans, and cities prepare to protect their population. Some cities have a nuclear shelters in deep basements or subway tunnels. |
|
|
How did Canadians respond to the fear of communism in Canada? |
Canadians feared the spread of communism, the Red Menace referred to the threat from the communis Soviet unions and its allies.
In 1949, conservative leaders tried to making the spread of communism an issue. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent refuse to outlaw communism, as he thought such tactics were trademarks of dictatorship, not democracies. |
|
|
What is Commonwealth and la Francophonie? |
Commonwealth is countries that once belong to the British Empire. La Francophonie is an organization of French-speaking state, which were former colonies of France. |
|
|
What was the Colombo plan? |
1950, Commonwealth countries, including Canada, established the Colombo plan to provide money and aid to the less developed countries in the organization. |
|
|
From what part of the economy did much of Canada's post-war wealth come? |
Massive development of mines, forests and smelters encouraged economic boom. |
|
|
What is middle power, what ways did it pertain to Canada? |
St. Laurent I saw Canada as a power of Middle rank – a nation that is in a superpower but has international influence. Canada was in a position of affectively representing the interests of smaller nations. |
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|
Where did the developments of Canada's post war wealth take place? |
One is the most important developments was the discord of oil at Leduc, Alberta, in 1947. By the 1950s, more than half of the nation's factories and plants and 99% of its automobile industry were located in Ontario. |
|
|
What were magaprojects and how did they contribute to Canada's prosperity in the 1950s? |
They were large-scale construction projects that require a huge capital investment; the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway is an example. It changed the face of the Canadian landscape. |
|
|
What were some of the negatives associated with the megaprojects? |
It caused pollution. Solid industrial wastes were simply buried, creating toxins landfills on which housing, schools, and playgrounds were sometimes constructed. Pulp and paper and petrochemical plants dumped wastes directly into streamsC contaminating lakes and rivers. |
|
|
What are some better known megaprojects? |
Trans Canada Highway- longest national highway in the world.
Kemano Project- created to generate hydroelectric
Transcanada Pipeline- carries gas from Alberta to Quebec
St. Lawrence seaway- allows large ships from Atlantic to travel to Lake Superior |
|
|
Describe Canada's economic relationship with the United States in the 1950s |
The US looked to Canada as a vast storehouse of minerals and other natural resources. Soon America controlled 70% of oil and gas investment, 52% of mining and smelting, 43% of Canadian manufacturing. In addition American companies had opened numerous branch plants in Canada. Although it was beneficial for both, proctors from the branch plants went back to the parent corporation in the US. It looked like Canada was losing control of its economy. |
|
|
3 examples of major Canadian owned industries. |
Forestry companies, newspaper, gas stations and timber. |
|
|
What role did unions play in the Canadians economy? |
In 1946 and 1947, strikes were frequent as workers fought for the right to form unions and pressed for wages that would support a family. They also fought for a greater share of the country's prosperity.
As a result wages rose. |
|
|
Which segments of Canadian society did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s? |
The working poor in cities, including immigrants, washed dishes, cleans offices, sweated in meat-packing plants, or toiled at sewing machines under miserable conditions.
Women who couldn't afford to be stay at home wives and were discriminated by employers. |
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What was NATO? What do the letters stand for? When was it established? |
North Atlantic Treaty organization, a military alliance and set up to protect nations from possible aggressions from USSR after World War II. 1949 |
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Who belonged to the NATO? What did they agree to do? |
Western European countries, Canada, and US.
They all agreed that conventional weapons were not sufficient, they would use tactical weapons that is short range nuclear weapons such as artillery shells its bombs. |
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What was NATO? What do the letters stand for? When was it established? |
North Atlantic Treaty organization, a military alliance and set up to protect nations from possible aggressions from USSR after World War II. 1949 |
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Who belonged to the NATO? What did they agree to do? |
Western European countries, Canada, and US.
They all agreed that conventional weapons were not sufficient, they would use tactical weapons that is short range nuclear weapons such as artillery shells its bombs. |
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What was the Warsaw Pact and who belonged to it? |
A post Second World War military alliance established in 1955 involving the Soviet Union and the Soviet-block countries Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. |
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How did Canada demonstrate its commitment to NATO? |
It agreed to keep a full army bridge and several air squadrons in Europe. It built and supplied military bases overseas, and ships tracked the movements of soviet submarines.
By joining NATO, Canada has to adapt its defence policy to those of its allies. |
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What was NORAD? When was it established, who were the members? |
In 1958, prime minister Diefenbaker signed and agreement with the United States come in in Canada to the North American Aerospace Defence Command.
Canada and the US hod to become part of a joint coordinate continental air defence against the threat of attack from the Soviet Union |
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What was DEW line? The Pinetree Line? What was the purpose of these lines? |
To protect against direct Soviet attack from the air, the United States built three lines of radio stations across Canada between 1950 and 1957: the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line, and the Distant Early Warning line. These Stations were designed to detect a surprise Soviet attacked over the north pole, giving the United States time to launch a counterattack |
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Why was the DEW line controversial to Canadians? |
It compromised Canadian sovereignty. For the first time the US stationed military personnel in Canada, alarming many Canadians.
It was a loss of independence the governor sold as the pro d of added security. |
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What was the AVRO arrow? |
A jet fighter plan that was exceptionally powerful, capable of flying at twice the speed of sound. |
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When was the United Nations established? What concept was the Untied Nations based on? |
October 1945, 51 countries signed a charter that established the UN.
It is based on the idea of collective security and peace. |
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What takes place in the General Assembly?
What 3 powers does the UN General Assembly have to use against aggressor Nations? |
Provides a forum in which members can debate issues.
-Condemn the actions through speeches and resolutions. -use economic sanctions - deploy armed forces |
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What takes place in the General Assembly?
What 3 powers does the UN General Assembly have to use against aggressor Nations? |
Provides a forum in which members can debate issues.
-Condemn the actions through speeches and resolutions. -use economic sanctions - deploy armed forces |
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What is the Security Council of the UN? |
Maintains peace and security. Deploys peacekeeping missions. |
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What takes place in the General Assembly?
What 3 powers does the UN General Assembly have to use against aggressor Nations? |
Provides a forum in which members can debate issues.
-Condemn the actions through speeches and resolutions. -use economic sanctions - deploy armed forces |
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What is the Security Council of the UN? |
Maintains peace and security. Deploys peacekeeping missions. |
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How is the Security Council composed? |
5 permanent members- Britain, France, the United States, Russia and China. 10 non permanent members, each holding 2 year term |
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What takes place in the General Assembly?
What 3 powers does the UN General Assembly have to use against aggressor Nations? |
Provides a forum in which members can debate issues.
-Condemn the actions through speeches and resolutions. -use economic sanctions - deploy armed forces |
|
|
What is the Security Council of the UN? |
Maintains peace and security. Deploys peacekeeping missions. |
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How is the Security Council composed? |
5 permanent members- Britain, France, the United States, Russia and China. 10 non permanent members, each holding 2 year term |
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What powers are given to permanent members of the security council?
How must decisions be made by the Security Council? |
They have the power to veto, the right to reject actions they disagree with.
The decisions much have the consent of 9 members. |
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What other commitments has the UN made?
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The founders of the UN pledged to abolish disease and famine and to protect human rights.
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How has Canada demonstrated its commitment to the UN? |
Aided refugees from war or natural disaster. Worked on development projects- schools, dams, and roads. Canadian peacekeepers have been involved in almost every UN operation since the start of these missions in 1956. |
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What and when was the Korean conflict? |
In 1950, war broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea.
The Soviet Union and China supported North Korea, a communist state. The United States supported South Korea which had a fragile democracy. |
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How did the United Nations respond to the Korean conflict? |
The UN called on its members to assist South Korea. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent sent thousands of Canadian troops and 3 Naval destroyers to Korea. The UN force tried to drive the invaders back over the border into North Korea. |
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What was the Suez Crisis? When did it take place? |
It was a crisis over the Suez Canal in Egypt. The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and red seas and provides the shortest route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. In 1956, Egypt'a president, Gam Abdel Nasser, took over the Canal and threatened to van ships travelling to and from Israel. In response, Israel, Britain, and France planned Operation Musketeer to regain control of the canal. |
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What role did Canada play in resolving the Suez Crisis. |
The Canadian public opinion on the crisis divided. The Conservative party and many other Canadians felt it was their duty to support Britain. Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, however, denounced the British and French military intervention. |
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What Canadian representative to the United Nations was credited with this solution? |
Lester Pearson went to the UN to try to work out a solution. He proposed that at a multinational peacemaking force be credited and installed in the war zone to maintain ceasefire and oversee the withdrawal of troops.
The Untied Nations Emergency Force was formed and sent the Suez area to bring hostilities to a peaceful end. |
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What steps has the UN taken to achieve these goals? |
The world health organization is responsible for providing leadership for global health. The United Nations Children's Fund works to protect children's rights. Also established the International Monetary Fund to stabilize the world economy by helping other countries that face great debt and the collapse of their currencies. |
