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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Human Development Index? (HDI) |
The UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member countries. |
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Name and define the 3 measurements used in the HDI.
What is the purpose of the HDI? |
Life expectancy, literacy rate, and the GPD per capita.
The purpose of the UN index is to give a crude indication of different levels of economic and social development among the countries of the world. |
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What has happened to the gap between countries at the top and the bottom of the HDI? |
It shows that people in 85 countries were poor people in those countries. In more than 34 countries, life expectancy at birth was still 50 years or younger, a full 30 years less than in Canada. Rich and poor. |
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What are NGOs? |
Non-profit local, national, or international groups that work independently of government issues such as health, the environment, or humans rights. |
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Define infrastructure |
Structures such as roads, railways, power grids, and communication links that are basic to the functioning of a modern economy, as well as buildings such as schools and hospitals. |
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What are the characteristics of developed countries, newly industrializing countries? |
Developed countries- the world's wealthiest countries; they have well-established infrastructures and their people are well housed, wealthy, and have good literacy skills.
Newly industrializing countries- countries that are experiencing rapid economic and industrial growth; many are switching from agricultural to industrial economics. |
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Explain the characteristics of developing countries and highly indebted poor countries? |
Developing countries- countries that have lower standards of living than developed countries; many have extensive poverty
Heavily indebted poor countries- countries at the low end of the UN Human Development index that are in debt to developed countries |
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What is the purpose and specific goals Millennium Development Goals of the UN? |
It was an initiative launched to close the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries. It targeted the worlds main development challenges. By 2015, the would would have less poverty, Hunger, and disease, greater survival rates and prospects for mothers and their infants, education for all. Equal opportunities for women, an improved physical environment, and a partnership between developed and developing countries to achieve these objectives. |
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Why is it difficult to compare standards of living and wealth between countries? |
The developed world had accounting systems that can determine such things as the level of industrialization, value of services and exports and imports. It is much harder to measure these in developing countries. |
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Define LICO and explain how it is calculated in Canada. |
low Income cut off.
The National Council of Welfare uses after-tax income to measure poverty, where as Statistics Canada uses before-tax income. |
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How is poverty measured in the US? |
Measures against the cost of a minimum adequate diet multiplied by 3 to allow for other expenses.
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What is the purpose of the Human poverty Index and how does it work? |
To compare developing and developed countries. Looking at the different indicators may help those in developed counties see the type of advantages that they take for granted. |
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What is the IMF? The OECD? |
International Monetary Fund. An international organization designed to promote economic stability and development.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Originally created as the organization for European economic cooperation to administer the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after WWII; Mission is to improve living standards in developing countries |
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What is a mega project? |
A very large scale project, costly project to help develop infrastructure, such as building roads, dams, and irrigation systems. |
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What is the goal and impact of megaprojects developing countries? |
To help develop infrastructure . Many of these initiatives caused environmental damage and did not approve the countries' economy. |
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What reason can account for the failure of developing countries to pay back loans? |
A world economic slowdown led to a collapse in prices for these commodities. Goods or services that are bought or sold. |
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Explain the measures the IMF encouraged developing countries to take in order to pay back international loans. |
IMF lended countries money and told them to restructure their economy's to help repay debt.
Encouraged poor countries to pursue foreign investment, each corps for export, and private companies to run some government services. These measures are called Structural Adjustment Programs. |
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Why have those measures been criticized? IMF. |
They suggested that poor countries are forced to sacrifice spending on health and education to meet the demands of SAPs and repay their debt. |
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Why do developing countries continue to have difficulty with debt? |
They have few natural resources or receive low prices for them on the world market because there is an oversupply. Their resources are under the control of foreign multinational corporations. |
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Beyond measurements of wealth, what other factors are considered when assessing standards of living? |
Health, levels of nutrition, life expectancy, literacy rate, and the status of women and children. |
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How does debt in these countries impede efforts of development? |
The burden of debt for governments in developing countries means they are hard pressed to pay for services that could improve the standard of living of their people. |
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What is the HIPC initiative? |
The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative was launched in 1996 by the International Development Association and International Monetary Fund. |
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Explain how Kenya typifies the cycle of poverty. |
The growth rate is 2.7% , nearly a million people are added to Kenya's population every year. Many can't afford education and the unemployment rate is 40% |
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In what ways has Canada attempted to ease the burden owned by HIPCs? |
The federal government spent $312 million on HIPC programs. The goal was to reduce the debt load of HIPCs so their scarce resources can go toward poverty reduction programs rather than paying interest service charges. |
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Define bilateral aid.
Where are most developing countries located? |
Assurance from one country to another. Mostly Africa. |
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What is meant by the term offshore farming? |
Wealthy countries with little agricultural land or water purchase/ lease farm land from poor countries. Good is forensic and shipped to the country that owns the land. |
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What are the Arguments for and against this practice? |
Against- opponents accuse wealthy countries no preying on the misfortunes of very poor countries. Concerns for environmental issues and local farmers' ability to prove they own their land.
For- foreign investment helps poor countries. In creates jobs and infrastructure and gives developing countries access to agricultural technology. |
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Describe how the status of women is related to poverty in many developing counties. |
Women had to work more than 12 hours each day to ensure the survival of their families. |
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What is the connection between education, fertility, child mortality rates, and poverty? |
Better educated women marry later and had fewer kids, they have better understanding of contraception. Children of those women are more likely to survive because their mothers know importance of immunization, clean water and nutrition. Because their children are more lilt to survive they have smaller families. |
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Explain how the economy of Niger, and the status of women there, demonstrates those connections.
What is the UNICEF? |
Women are dedicated to easing kids and little opportunities for education.
United Nations Children's Fund. Works to protect child rights. |
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Define and give examples of the push and pull factor. |
Push- underemployment, ethnic or religious tensions, drought or floods, lack of resources, and environmental impacts, such as deforestation.
Pull- labour opportunities, medical and social provisions, greater access to food and resources, greater anonymity, |
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In what ways are children vulnerable in some developing countries? |
Famine, disease and war prey on society's most vulnerable people. Children have few education opportunities and are exploited to child labour. |
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What is the U5MR?
Where are most cases of U5MR found? |
UNICEFD main measure of Human Development is under 5 mortality rate
Developing countries are 13x more likely to die under the age of 5. |
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What accounts for the majority of U5MR in developing countries?
What accounts for decrease U5MR in past 2 decades. |
19 of the 20 counties with the highest U5MR are in Africa.
Immunization, vaccinations and vitamin A supplements helped save children. |
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What factors are considered in the Progress of Nations Report?
According to the PNR, where do most children face the greatest risk? |
It is based on 5 factors: the mortality rate of children under 5, the percentage of children who are underweight, numbers of who do not attend primary school, risks from armed conflict and risks from HIV/AIDS
Africa. |
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What threatening conditions do the urban and rural poor face? |
Health, education, employment, mortality (death rate), and malnutrition. |
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Define globalization. |
The spread of ideas, information, and culture around the world through advances in communication, technology and travel. |
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What are the benefits of globalization? |
Freer trade, cheaper goods, and access to technology, which in turn contributes to wealth and improved standards of living. |
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What are the arguments against globalization? |
Opponents argue that it limits the control a government has over its trade, economy, and even social politics. Jobs may be sent to a county with cheaper labour or fewer environmental protection policies. |
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Describe some of the affects of globalization in developing countries. |
They find it hard to compete in the global economy because they lack a functioning infrastructure. |
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What is a multicultural corporation?
Explain the relationship that often exists between multinational corporations and developing countries that are in debt? |
Companies that do business in more than one country.
Many developing nations are in debt and their industries and natural resources are controlled by multinational corporations. |
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How is poverty commonly determined?
What is the criticism of this method? |
Most common way is the poverty line, which is the minimum income required to pay for basic needs. World bank-international lending agency- estimated that in 2008, 1.4 billion people in developing countries were living on less than $1.25 per day.
Critics prefer to look at individual confided to determine at what level people are unable to afford minimum of food, clothing, shelter, health care, and education services. |
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What are the features of the cycles of poverty? |
Baby born to a malnourished mother, slow development, poor nutrition and medical care, mental and physical development are slowed, poor performance in school, low literacy level, reduced likelihood of economic success, limited diet, marry young, and family in debt. |
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How has the status of children been affected by wars and other armed conflicts? |
Children have to fight as soldiers, attack civilians, and even provide sexual services to army commanders. In Uganda Lord's Resistance Army forced new recruits to prove themselves by killing their families. |
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How has the status of children been affected by wars and other armed conflicts? |
Children have to fight as soldiers, attack civilians, and even provide sexual services to army commanders. In Uganda Lord's Resistance Army forced new recruits to prove themselves by killing their families. |
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Defined ethnic cleansing.
What are considered to be the causes of child labour? |
The elimination of one ethnic group from an area by another ethnic group.
Poverty and no access to education, according to the UN's International Labour Organization. |
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What steps has the UN attempted to take in regards to children participating in armed conflicts and what arguments against such efforts have been made? |
Amnesty International wants the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child to forbid military recruitments before the age of 18.
Critics pointed out that the African population is generally younger than 18, and that in many tribal societies a 16- or 17 year old is not considered a child. |
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Why have some counties resisted efforts to reduce child labour?
Cite unsafe working conditions for children. |
Because 70% of child labour is in the agricultural sector.
78 000 children work on tobacco estates, up to 12 hours at day without any protective clothing. They suffered from health problems of daily skin absorption of dissolved nicotine. |
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Define bonded labour and explain how it relates to child labour. |
Paying off a loan with labour rather than money; bonded laboured often work for very little pay and their labour is worth more than the original debt.
Many children are forced to work as bonded labours to help pay off their families debt. |
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Define bonded labour and explain how it relates to child labour. |
Paying off a loan with labour rather than money; bonded laboured often work for very little pay and their labour is worth more than the original debt.
Many children are forced to work as bonded labours to help pay off their families debt. |
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In what ways is the plight of girls worse than that of boys where child labour is concerned? |
Girls are sometimes pulled out of school to earn money so their brothers can get an educations. They face the double burden of working and completing domestic duties in their own homes. |
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To what extent is access to water an issue worldwide?
What problems and or practices are adding to this issue? |
about 1.2 billion people around the world doesn't have access to clean or enough water.
Climate change, which has contributed to extreme droughts and damming floods. Open water sources are contaminated. |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is Official Development assistant? |
Aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people. |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is Official Development assistant? |
Aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people. |
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What is NGO? what is Multilateral aid? |
Non- governmental Organization.
Aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is Official Development assistant? |
Aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people. |
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What is NGO? what is Multilateral aid? |
Non- governmental Organization.
Aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank |
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What is bilateral aid? What is tied aid? |
Aid that is given directly from one country to another.
Aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached. |
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What is the World Health Organization?
What probably are associated with unclean water? |
A UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services.
Cholera and typhoid are among diseases causes by bacterias that breed in unclean water |
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What is Official Development assistant? |
Aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people. |
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What is NGO? what is Multilateral aid? |
Non- governmental Organization.
Aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank |
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What is bilateral aid? What is tied aid? |
Aid that is given directly from one country to another.
Aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached. |
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What criticism has been made of Western aid programs?
Explain the target development assistance by donor countries, as set by the UN |
Is that they have been tied too much to the trade system hay benefits the industrial counties at the expense of the developing world.
Target for development assistance of 0.7% of donor countries' gross national product. |
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What is CIDA? What was it created? |
Canadian International Development Agency. Assistance developing worlds. Created in 1968. |
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What illnesses and epidemics have plagued countries of the developing world? |
HIVS/AIDS and malaria have spread. |
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How does CIDA seek to carry ur foreign aid? |
To find partners-universities, non-government organizations, and businesses. That will agree to administer programs or otherwise cooperate with the government.
These parents help CIDA to run projects in more than a 100 of the poorest countries in the world. |
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Describe the focus of Canada's foreign aid policy. |
Interested in sustainable development, and it also helps groups to upgrade technology, find and train teacher, improve agriculture, and so on. |
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How has that policy recently changed? |
Change in policy that focuses 80% of Canada's bilateral assistance on 20 priority countries and areas, with the goal of getting more resources to those in need |
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What criticism has been made as a result of that change? |
Critics complain that Canada is Not sending enough aid to africa |
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Why has aid from NGOs been more effective than aid given by government?
What examples support this? |
Because the aid goes directly to the people who benefit.
Women in Bagladesh work in CARE scheme repairing dirt roads for a 4 year period. A portion of their wages of $1 a day is held back and then given to them as a lump sum to invest. |
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What are some of the main arguments against Canada giving foreign aid? |
This in favour of denying aid day that it is not enough for Canada just to support UN conventions and formulate policy. The best way to change the practice of these governments is to deny aid whenever human rights are violated. There's no guarantee that the aid will get to the loot and underprivileged. |
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Why are diseases such as malaria on the rise in some developing countries? |
For those in remote areas or slums of cities, help is it readily available. Forest clearing in South America and Asia allows sunlight to warm standing water, creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes in areas that had previously not been affected. |
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What is meant by the word, pandemic?
Where has HIV/AIDS epidemic been most widespread and takes its worst toll? |
An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographical area.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the centre of this epidemic. The infection rate is out of control. Out of the 33 people living with HIV worldwide, 22 million are from Sub-Saharan Africa. |
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What measures are being taken to combat the spread of this disease? |
Use insecticide-treated bed nets to protect people from being bitten while they sleep. Another remedy is DDT |
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What are some of the major determinants of health are in developing countries? |
Poverty and inequity, rapid population growth and rural, poor nutrition, environmental degradation, inadequate access to safe water, limited education. |
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What social and economic effects are associated with the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa? |
In Botswana, life expectancy fell from 59 in 1990 to 53 in 2007. There is at least 1 million AIDS orphans in Sun-Saharan Africa.
These children may face poverty, homelessness, or loss of education |
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Why have many developing countries been slow to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic? |
Drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS are expensive, and many countries cannot afford them even though drug manufacturers have promised to lower the prices. |
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What is the purpose of UNAIDS?
What is UNESCO? |
It helps countries respond to HIV/AIDS and provides health workers to educate people and limit the spread of the disease.
Untied Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |
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What has the transition from colony to independence been difficult for newly emerging countries in Asia and Africa?
Explain the reasons behind countries offering foreign aid to new and less developed countries. |
The lack of political and economic stability made it difficult
To foster development in these countries, while at the same time countering the growing influence of the communist bloc. |
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What are CIDA's responsibilities and what are its priorities? |
To administer Canada's aid in developing countries.
Basic human needs; women in development; infrastructure services; human rights, democracy, and good government; private sector development; and the environmental. |
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What illnesses and epidemics have plagued countries of the developing world? |
HIVS/AIDS and malaria have spread. |
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How does CIDA seek to carry ur foreign aid? |
To find partners-universities, non-government organizations, and businesses. That will agree to administer programs or otherwise cooperate with the government.
These parents help CIDA to run projects in more than a 100 of the poorest countries in the world. |
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Describe the focus of Canada's foreign aid policy. |
Interested in sustainable development, and it also helps groups to upgrade technology, find and train teacher, improve agriculture, and so on. |
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How has that policy recently changed? |
Change in policy that focuses 80% of Canada's bilateral assistance on 20 priority countries and areas, with the goal of getting more resources to those in need |
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What criticism has been made as a result of that change? |
Critics complain that Canada is Not sending enough aid to africa |
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Why has aid from NGOs been more effective than aid given by government?
What examples support this? |
Because the aid goes directly to the people who benefit.
Women in Bagladesh work in CARE scheme repairing dirt roads for a 4 year period. A portion of their wages of $1 a day is held back and then given to them as a lump sum to invest. |
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What are some of the main arguments against Canada giving foreign aid? |
This in favour of denying aid day that it is not enough for Canada just to support UN conventions and formulate policy. The best way to change the practice of these governments is to deny aid whenever human rights are violated. There's no guarantee that the aid will get to the loot and underprivileged. |
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What is the rebuttal to these arguments? |
His who opposed to denying aid point out that diverse cultures have different interpretations of rights. Good causes are not made better by confusing need with rights. |
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What is the relationship between literacy and fertility rates? Pg 421 |
This who have a higher literacy rate have lower fertility rate. |
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Why are diseases such as malaria on the rise in some developing countries? |
For those in remote areas or slums of cities, help is it readily available. Forest clearing in South America and Asia allows sunlight to warm standing water, creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes in areas that had previously not been affected. |
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What is meant by the word, pandemic?
Where has HIV/AIDS epidemic been most widespread and takes its worst toll? |
An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographical area.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the centre of this epidemic. The infection rate is out of control. Out of the 33 people living with HIV worldwide, 22 million are from Sub-Saharan Africa. |
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What measures are being taken to combat the spread of this disease? |
Use insecticide-treated bed nets to protect people from being bitten while they sleep. Another remedy is DDT |
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What are some of the major determinants of health are in developing countries? |
Poverty and inequity, rapid population growth and rural, poor nutrition, environmental degradation, inadequate access to safe water, limited education. |
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What social and economic effects are associated with the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa? |
In Botswana, life expectancy fell from 59 in 1990 to 53 in 2007. There is at least 1 million AIDS orphans in Sun-Saharan Africa.
These children may face poverty, homelessness, or loss of education |
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Why have many developing countries been slow to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic? |
Drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS are expensive, and many countries cannot afford them even though drug manufacturers have promised to lower the prices. |
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What is the purpose of UNAIDS?
What is UNESCO? |
It helps countries respond to HIV/AIDS and provides health workers to educate people and limit the spread of the disease.
Untied Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |
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What has the transition from colony to independence been difficult for newly emerging countries in Asia and Africa?
Explain the reasons behind countries offering foreign aid to new and less developed countries. |
The lack of political and economic stability made it difficult
To foster development in these countries, while at the same time countering the growing influence of the communist bloc. |
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What are CIDA's responsibilities and what are its priorities? |
To administer Canada's aid in developing countries.
Basic human needs; women in development; infrastructure services; human rights, democracy, and good government; private sector development; and the environmental. |
