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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Biological form of an organism |
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Physiology |
Biological functions an organism performs The study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated Ants in desert: Length is legs serves 2 purpose: away from ground heat and move fast (function and form) |
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Body plan of an animal |
Programmed by the genome Product of millions of years of evolution Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment |
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Evolution of Size and shape |
Physical laws govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange -Water properties limit possible shapes for fast swimming (all torpedo shape fish) -as animals increase in size, need thicker skeletons Convergent evolution=similar adaptations facing same challenge |
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Exchange with environment |
Nutrients, waste products, gases exchange across cell membranes Rate of exchange is proportional to an cells surface area Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cells volume ie: think of small city to put trash at edge of city, not bad. But if the city is larger, it would hard to put it all at the edge |
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Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan.. |
Have body walls that are only two cells thick facilitating diffusion of materials |
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When the volume gets larger.. |
surface area does not get bigger, ratio stays small |
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Cells in flat animals |
On direct contact with their environment Like tape worms |
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More complex organisms are composed of compact masses of cells with |
Complex internal organization Evolutionary adaptations enable sufficient exchange with the environment (branch or folded) |
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Interstitial fluid |
Fluid in Space between cells Links exchange surfaces to body cells allows movement of material into and out of cells |
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A complex body plan helps an animal living in a variable environment to.. |
Maintain stable internal environment |
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Hierarchical organization of body plan |
Tissues are composed of multiple cells Organs are made up of tissues Organ systems are made up of organs Some organs belong to more than one organ system (pancreas) |
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Organ systems |
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4 types of animal tissues |
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers the outside of the body Lines the organs and cavities within the body Contains cells that are tightly joined (tight junctions) |
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Shapes of epithelial cells |
Cuboidal: like dice Columnar: like bricks Squamous: like floor tiles |
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Arrangements of epithelial cells |
Simple: single cell layer Stratified: multiple tiers Pseudostratified: single layer of varying lengths Transitional: special type of stratified (layered) but each cell changes and stretches like in the bladder |
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Epithelial tissue has polarity |
Has bottom-basal surface Has top-apical surface touches the lumen (which is the space of anything) |
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Connective tissue |
Binds and supports other tissues Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix ( matrix can be liquid, jelly, or solid) |
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3 types of connective tissue fibers (all made of protein) |
Collagenous fibers: strength and flexibility Reticular fibers: join connective tissue to adjacent tissues Elastic fibers: stretch and snap back to their original length (like a rubber back) ie: if you pull skin in back of hand, reticular allows you to stretch, while elastic returns it back to normal |
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Connective tissue contains cells |
Fibroblasts: secrete protein of extra cellular fibers Macrophages: involved in the immune system ( in tissue cleaning up dead cellls and bacteria) |
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1 of 6 types of connective tissue |
1. Loose connective tissue: binds epithelial to underlying tissues and holds organs in place |
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2 of 6 connective tissues |
Fibrous: found in tendons which attach muscles to bones and ligaments which connect bones to joints |
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3 of 6 connective tissue |
Bone: mineralized and forms skeleton |
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4 of 6 connective tissue |
Adipose: tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel |
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5 of 6 connective tissue |
Blood: liquid matrix Composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma |
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6 of 6 connective tissue |
Cartilage: strong and flexible support material |
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Muscle Tissue |
Responsible for nearly all types of body movement Muscle cells consist of filaments of the protein actin and myosin which together enable contractions |
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3 types of muscle |
Skeletal: striated muscle. Voluntary movement Smooth: involuntary body activity Cardiac: contraction of the heart |
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Nervous tissue |
Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of info Neurons: transmit nerve impulses Glial: support cells |
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Coordination and control within a body depend on... |
Endocrine and nervous system |
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Endocrine system |
Releases signaling molecules (hormones) into the bloodstream where cells with the corresponding receptor can receive the signal |
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Hormones |
Can affect one or more regions throughout the body ie: thyroid hormone only talks to thyroid which release new hormones Relatively slow acting but can have long lasting effects (they take seconds) |
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Nervous system |
Transmit info btw specific locations Info conveyed depends on the pathway, not the type of signal Nerve signal transmission is fast |
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Both endocrine and nervous system work close together |
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Faced with environmental fluctuations, animals manage their internal environment by... |
Regulating or conforming May regulate some environmental variables while conforming to others ie: fish may conform to surround temps but regulate its blood concentration |
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Regulators |
Use internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
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Conformers |
Allow its internal condition to vary with certain external changes Does not mean you are happy with big fluctuations. ie: tropical fish need specific temps |
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Homeostasis |
Used by organisms to maintain a steady internal balance regardless of the external environment In humans: body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration maintain at constant level |
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Mechanisms of homeostasis |
Set point: determines what the stimulus is Stimulus: falling above or below the set point Sensor: detects the stimulus Response: restores set point. |
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Feedback control in homeostasis |
Negative feedback: returns a variable to normal range, what most rely on. Reduces stimulus Positive feedback: amplifies a stimulus and does not contribute to homeostasis in animals (blood clotting and “emptying containers”) ie: uterus needs to contract, more pressure increases contractions and pressure |
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Circadian rhythm |
Governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours Alterations in homeostasis: set points and normal ranges can change with age or show cyclic variation |
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Acclimatization |
Alterations to homeostasis Can adjust to changes in external environment A temporary change during animals lifetime ie: high altitude=less O2, increases breathing. This causes increase in CO2 which then increases pH in blood. Kidneys release more alkaline molecules in urine to restore blood pH. |
