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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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unifying underlying mechanisms of species |
1. capturing and storing energy 2. manufacturing proteins 3. transmitting info between generations |
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evolution |
maintenence of life under changing conditions by continuous adaptation of successive generations of a species to its environment |
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Darwins Natural selections (5 steps) |
1. more offspring are produce then can survive 2. random variations occur (some inheritable) 3. some inheritable traits make an organism better suited to its environment 4. favorable traits accumulate; unfavorable traits weeded out by competition 5. physical and biological environemnt does natural selection |
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spontaneous mutation |
inheritable change in an organism's genes (usually unfavorable) |
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adaptation |
accumulation of eneficial interitable |
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nucleic acids |
use sequences of these molecules to determine organisms genetic heritage
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3 domains |
1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya |
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bacteria |
lack distinct compartments within their cells no cell nucleus or organelles (prokaryote) (some photosynthetic, some heterotrophic) heterotrophic: decomposers and disease agents |
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archaea |
lack distinct compartments within their cells no cell nucleus or organelles (prokaryote) some are extremophiles share many biochemical characteristics as eukarya |
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eukarya |
cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes) multicellular some protists, all animals and plants
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scientific name |
genus + species name |
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living vs. non living |
1. ability to capture, store, and transmit energy 2. ability to reproduce |
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Photosynthesis |
CO2 + H20 --> (CH20)x + O2 energy from sunlight used to bond six separate carbon atoms (derived from CO2) into single energy rich six carbon molecule (glucose) pigment chlorophyll absorbs and briefly stores light energy water broken down and oxygen released dominates ocean surface productivity in vents: vents radiate dark red light |
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Chemosynthesis |
CO2 + H2S --> (CH20)x + (SO42) (sulfate) 6 molecules of CO2 combine with 6 molecules of oxygen and 24 molecules of Hydrogen sulfide to form glucose energy to bond carbon atoms into glucose comes from breaking chemical bonds holding sulfur and hydrogen atoms together in hydrogen sulfide (oxidation of inorganic molecules) where: hydrothermal vents, deep in marine sediments chemosynthic extremophiles mostly in archaea domain |
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primary producers |
chlorophyll in these organisms trap light energy and change to chemical energy breakdown food and produce waste heat size: 10x mass of carbon it has bound into carbohydrates |
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consumers |
eat primary producers for energy |
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primary productivity |
gC/m2/yr (grams of carbon bound into organic material) organic material produced: carbohydrate glucose 1. phytoplankton: 90-96% 2. seaweeds: 2-5% 3. chemosynthetic organisms: 2-5% |
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total ocean productivity |
75-150gC/m2/yr rapid turnover time compared to terrestrial productivity |
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heterotrophs |
consumers |
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autotrophs |
primary producers |
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top consumer |
top carnivore |
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trophic pyramid |
feeding hierachy: each level is about 1/10 the mass of the level directly below |
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which 4 elements make up 99% of mass of all living things |
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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classes of biological chemicals (by combining major elements) |
carbohydrates, lipids (fats, waxes, oils), proteins, nucleic acids (DNA) |
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representative use of Nitrogen |
proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll |
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dissolved CO2 forms: |
HC03 carbon dioxide converted to into bicarbonate ions and incorporated into shells of organisms shells compress to form limestone |
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carbon and carbon cycle |
can form long chains to which other atoms can attach basic building block of life CO2 can easily dissolve in water carbon release: respiration of living organisms, volcanic eruptions, burning fossil fuels |
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MICROBIAL LOOP (of carbon) |
DOC - bacteria eats - protozoans eat - zoo plankton eat <1% CaCo3 (calcium bicarbonate) from shells sink to seabed |
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Nitrogen |
48% of dissolved gases in seawater organisms cannot use free nitrogen --> must be fixed with oxygen or hydrogen first by specialized organims (ex. ammonium & nitrate) ocean regions frequently nitrogen limited |
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why coastal waters support more plankton than open ocean |
nitrate runoff provides nutrients |
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physical factors: |
1. light 2. temperature 3. dissolved nutrients 4. salinity 5. dissolved gases 6. acid-base balance 7. hydrostatic pressure |
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biological factors |
1. diffusion 2. osmosis 3. active transport 4. surface-to-volume ratio |
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depth of penetration of light depends on |
low angle reflects (sunrise/sunset, polar regions) blue light penetrates to greatest depth red light absorbed near surface # particles (lots of particles absorb blue light and combine with green reflection from chlorophyll --> green coastal waters) |
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light zones |
1. photic: euphotic zone to about 70 m (photosynthesis and vision) 2. photic: disphotic zone to about 600m (vision only) 3. aphotic zone below 600 m (no sunlight) |
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ectothermic |
"cold blooded" most marine organisms internal temp about same as surroundings can tolerate a narrow range of external temp |
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endothermic |
"warm blooded" stable, high internal temp can tolerate extreme range of external temp thermal regulation mechanisms high metabolic rates high demands of food supply and gas transport |
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How does dissolved CO2 influence ocean's acid-base balance |
strong acids/bases distort enzymes and proteins affects formation of calcerous materials (shells) seawater slightly alkaline (ph 8) much less variable than soil some dissolved CO2 becomes carbonic acid and can lower pH of water respiration increases Co2 photosynthesis decreases Co2 |
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diffusion |
substance distributed evenly in water warmer water, faster diffusion transfers material from region fo high concentration to region of low concentration
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osmosis |
diffusion of water through a membrane most simple marine organisms are isotonic (same concentrations of dissolved substances as sea water0 hypotonic: water moving in would be hypertonic (water moving out) in freshwater (water would flow out of cells causing organism to dehydrate and collapse |
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marine environment's distinct zones |
pelagic: open water - neritic (nearshore over continental shelf) - oceanic zone beyond continental shelf - epipelagic zone (lighted photic zone) - mesopelagic (aphotic) - bathypelagic (aphotic) - abyssopelagic (aphotic, in deep trenches) benthic: bottom divisions - litteral zone (intertidal) - bathypelagic zone (sea bed on slopes down to great depths) - abyssopelagic zone - hadal zone (deepest seabed, trench walls and floors)
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plankton common feature |
inability to move consistently laterally through the ocean (many move vertically through water column) grazing predation paratism competition
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phytoplankton |
autotrophic euphotic zone generate lots of atmospheric oxygen through photosynthesis |
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picoplankton |
.2-2 micro meters extremely small many cyanobacteria 100 million in every liter of seawater |
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cyanobacteria |
autotrophs absorb dim blue light in deep euphotic zone |
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Viruses: 1. bacteriophages 2. phycoviruses |
1. viruses that infect bateria 2. viruses that infect phytoplankton
no metabolism; must rely on hosts for energy-requiring processes like reproduction |
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diatoms |
increase proportion of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere (excess oxygen released through perforations n frustule into water) cell wall: frustule consists of silica divided between 2 halves (valves) efficient energy conversion (clear protective window like glass) besides pigment chlorophyll, also acompannied by yellow or brown pigments that store energy as fatty acids and oils (since these are lighter, easier to float)
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dinoflagellates |
single-celled autotrophs live free in water flagella: two whiplike progections; adjust orientation and vertical position for best photosynthetic use of light bioluminescence responsible for HAB (harmful algal bloom) "red tide" HABS can be dangerous: potent toxin by-products of metabolism |
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coccolithophores |
small, single celled autotrophs disks of calccium carbonate fixed to outside of cell walls live near surface in brightly lighted areas (translucent cell coverings shade cell) milky or chalky Mediterranean and Sargasso seas build seabed deposits of ooze |
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4 main ingredients to produce carbohydrates |
1. water 2. carbon dioxide 3. inorganic nutrients 4. sunlight |
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role of nutrients |
construct large organic molecules that make primary productivity possible construct skeletons and protective shells |
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nonconservative nutrients |
change in concentration with biological activity nitrate phosphate iron silicate |
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exchange of nutrients (from high to low concentrations) |
upwelling high in antarctic relatively high where there is little or no thermocline low in tropical ocean (with distinct horizontal layers) --> clear blue ocean
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red light |
abosrbed by chlorophyll and converted into heat near ocean's surface
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compensation depth |
where production equals consumption break even depth marks bottom of euphotic zone diaton depth>dinoflag depth b/c of greater efficiency open tropical seas have deepest depths but lack nutrients |
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most abundant zooplankters |
microflagellates microciliates |
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copepods |
70% of larger consumers shrimplike animals crustaceans (like crabs, lobsters, and shrimp) |
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largest zooplankton |
giant jellyfish |
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macroplankton |
plankton larger than 1 cm |
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holoplankton |
spend whole lives in plankton community |
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meroplankton |
later adopt a benthic or nektonic lifestyle |
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krill |
pelagic (near shore or bottom) arthropod (exoskeleton) keystone of antarctic ecosystem Weddell Sea daily vertical migration
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planktonic foraminifera |
snare food with long protoplasmic filaments have calcium carbonate shells |
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adaptations of seaweeds to environment |
flexible bodies easily able to absorb shock resistant to abrasion streamlined to reduce water drag very strong rare in warm nutrient poor waters most in chilly temperate and subpolar zones of nutrient upwelling because of weak anchorage, sandy or muddy bottom unsuitable |
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marine vascular plants |
descended from land ancestors and live in shallow coastal water sea grasses mangroves |
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oxygen revolution |
2 billion - 400 million years ago first organisms absorb organic molecules formed spontaneously in ocean more organisms --> more competition for food food would run out without photosynthesis because primary producers convert inorganic molecules to organic molecules for food first animals: single celled organisms autotrophs (probably cyanobacteria) change amount of free oxygen in atmosphere from 1% to 20%
ozone layer derived from this oxygen |
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invertebrates |
more than 90% of all living and fossil animals rigid internal skeleton for attachment of muscles protective outer covering (continuous or segmented) |
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Phylum porifera |
invertebrate sponges 10,000 species suspension feeders: strain plankton from water diffusion: excretion and movement of gasses in and out of animal diagram on pg. 441 skeletal network of spicules (needles) of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) |
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Phylum Cnidaria |
coral, jellies, sea anenomes, siphonophores cnidoblasts: large stinging cells that eject coiled threads to poison and entangle prey 2 body plans: medusa (bell shaped + tentacles) and polyp (no skeleton; sea anenomes + corals) symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae ex. hermatypic coral (mound builders) w/ masses of symbiotic dinoflagellates within host --depend on light and warmth (clear water best) --mucous coating "suntan lotion" -- prefer slightly elevated salinity 2 structural cell layesr: inner partition and epidermal tissue |
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worm body plan |
bilateral symmetry head waste and digestive system
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phylum platyhelminthes |
flatworms: simplest worms some parasitic of vertabrates shady underside of intertidal rocks most primitive organism w/ central nervous system light-sensitive eyespot no excretory or respiratory system - use diffusion to eliminate waste |
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phylum nematoda |
round worms flow-through digestive system (mouth and anus) most are free-living and microscopic in garden soil and marine sediments |
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phylum annelida |
segmented worms metamerism: segmentation; convenient strategy to increase size most evolutionary advanced worms each segment has their individual systems |
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phylum polychaeta |
many bristles largest, most important and most diverse class of annelids brightly colored iridescent worms pairs of bristly projection well developed heads with prominent sense organs efficient predators |
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phylum mollusca |
"soft bodied" chitons, snails, bivalves, copepods, krill external or internal shell bilaterally symmetrical obvious heads flow through digestive tracts well-developed nervous systems exhibit great structural diversity 3 classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda |
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phylum mollusca class gastropoda |
snails inhabit large shells (largest class) rocky bottoms and firm substrates shells coiled to compress mass and allow for easier maneuverability 3 layers of shell - fibrous outer covering (distribute shock) - strong crystalline layer of calcium bicarbonate (strength) - inner layer of smooth CaCo3 gastropod foot cannot attach to sand or mud bivalves surrender mobility for protection and suspension feeding most evolved: cephalopods - head surrounded by foot divided into tentacles - catch prey with suction cups - ex. squid and octopuses - clouds of ink to confuse predators
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phylum arthropoda |
lobsters, shrimp, crabs, krill, barnacles most successful animal group body plan: clear segmentation with pair of appendages per segment bilaterally symmetrical exoskeleton made of chitin (nitrogen rich carbohydrate), strong, lightweight --> shed (aka molted) at regular intervals striated muscle: quick, strong, lightweight articulation: ability to bend appendages at specific points largest class: crustacea |
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class crustacea, phylum arthropoda |
largest class of arthropoda ex. shrimp, crab, krill, barnacles 16-20 segments appendages specialized for sensing 70% are copepods that graze on diatoms and dinoflagellates largest: king crab |
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Phylum Echinodermata |
exclusively marine lack eyes or brain radially symmetrical 5 sections or projections move slowly 3 most familiar classes: 1. asteroidea 2. ophiuroidea 3. echinoidea |
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phylum echinodermata, class asteroidea |
seastars 5+ arms spiny projections on top delicate tube feet underneeth water-vascular system: complex filled water canals, valves, for locomotion and feeding expels its stomach from mouth to eat |
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phylum echinodermata, class opiuroids |
brittle starts long slender arms can detach arm to escape from predator beneath intertidal and subtidal rocks |
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phylum echinodermata, class echinoids |
"hedgehog" five-sided symmetry overlain by a few bilaterally symmetrical features |
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phylum chordata |
includes both vertebrate and invertebrate classes stiffening notochord (internal mechanical foundation for skeletal and muscle development) tubular dorsal nervous system gill slits 5% loves notochord as they develop: invertebrate chordates 95% vertebrate chordates (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals) |
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tunicates |
invertebrate chordates have these suspension feeders that superficially look and function like sponges mucus nets trap plankton salps: take in water, filter it, and expel it on other end |
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vertebrate chordates |
have internal skeleton or calcified bone or cartilage provides support during growth skull: brain, eyes, other sense organs --> intelligence pairs of nerves passing between vertebral segments successful: fish least successful: amphibians |
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fish |
ectothermic (cold blooded) most numerous on bottom or in productive seawater over continental shelves first fishes without jaws earliest jawed fish had paired fins to stabilize movement |
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phylum chordata, class chondrichthyes |
sharks, skates, rays skeleton made of cartilage no true bone, despite some calcification of cartilate jaws with teeth paired fins active lifystyle
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sharks phlyum cordata, class chondrichthyes |
most dangerous: great white sharks - open water, sense water vibrations w/ sensitive organs - genus carcharodon largest: whale sharks - genus Rhincodon - 18 meters - docile, no threat - eat plankton w/ gill rakers |
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phylum chordata, class osteichthyes |
hard, lightweight, strong skeleton most numerous of fish most abundant found in almost every marine habitat order Teleostei: cod, tuna, halibut, goldfish - independently movable fins - great speed - highly effective camouflage - social organization - orderly patterns of migration
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