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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the core made of
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nickel and iron
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what is the lithosphere
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relatively rigid outer crust part of the earth including the crust and part of the mantle
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why is it difficult to study the structure of the earth
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crust is too thick. need seismic waves
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what is happening in the mantle
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convection currents
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how was the theory of tectonic plates developed?
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1) wegners theory of continental drift -- pangea
2) new evidence explains sea floooe spreading and tectonic movement 3) new research means theory is accepted |
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thick lava is from
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violent eruptions
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runny lava is from
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weaker eruptions
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when are igneous rocks formed
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when molten rock cools and solidifies
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name a rock formed from runny lava
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iron rich basalt
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name a rock formed from thick lava
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silica rixh rhyolite
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why are volcanoes studied
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forecast future eruptions. learn more about structure of the earth
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why are volcanic predictions inaccurate
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they can go a long tiem without exploding
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what are construction materials often manufactured from? e.g....
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things found in the earths crust. aluminium from iron ores and glass from sand
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what is the order of hardness to softness: granite. marble. limestone
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decreasingly hard
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what type of rock is limestone
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sedimentaru
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what ttpe of rock is marble
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metamorphic
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what kind of rock is granite
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igneous
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ads and disads of quarrying
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:) provides jobs. produces valuable goods. boosts uk economy
:( ruin beauty. noisy and dusty. lorries for transport cause traffic. land could be used for other things. destroys landscape when closes |
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what do metal carbonates thermally decompose to form
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metal oxide + co2
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what do rhe carbonates pf reactive metals need to decompose
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high temperatures
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caco3 heated with clay
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cement
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cement + aggregate and sand and water
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concrete
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cement + sand and water
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mortar
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caco3 thermally decomposes to form
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caO
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caO and water
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calcium hydroxide
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why do we extract copper
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good conductor. ductile. unreactive
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how do we extract copper
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heating crushed ore with carbon. this works because carbon is more reactive and so displaces the copper. this is a reduction reaction as oxygen is removed
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how do we purify copper
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electrolysis
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what is the equation at the cathode
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Cu 2+ +2e- -> Cu
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what is the equation at the anode
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Cu -> Cu 2+ + 2e-
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what are the benefits of recycling copper
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cheaper. limited resource. reduce waste and pollution
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disadvantages of recycling copper
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difficult to recover for recycling and waste materials have to be sorted
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what are smart alloys
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shape memory alloys- if they are bent out of shape they snap back into shape when warmed
nitinol- uses in glasses frames |
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why doesn't aluminium corrode?
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coated with a thin layer of aluminium oxide
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why does iron corrode
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the iron oxide flakes off
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what speeds up oxidation
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sea air and acid rain
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what can prevent corrosion
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paint
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iron + oxygen + water ▶
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hydrated iron 3 oxide
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differences and similarities of iron and aluminium
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they are both malleable abd good conductors but iron corrodes more easily is less dense and is magnetic
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aluminium car bodies are beneficial as..
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lighter and less corrosion
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steel car bodies are beneficial as...
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cheaper
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how do you prepare a salt of an insoluble (grp 2 or transition metal) base?
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add excess and filter
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how do you prepare salt of soluble (grp 1) bases?
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titration
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acid + metal hydroxide ->
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metal salt + water
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what dont you do to carbonates
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heat them
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acid + metal carbonate
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metal salt + water + co2
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with the insoluble grp 2 bases what metal do u use
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oxides
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acid molecules .... in water to form..
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dissociate to form ions
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what makes a solution acidic?
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H+ ions
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alkalis... in water to form...
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dissociate to form hydroxides
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what makes a solution alkaline?
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oh- ions
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what is the equation for a neutralisation reaction?
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H+ + OH - -> H20
H+ + O2- -> H20 |
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ammonia + acid ▶
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ammonium salt
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give an example of a continuous process
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ammonia
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gove an example of a batch process
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specialist chemicals and pharmaceuticals
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why is making medicines expensive?
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research and testing. labour. energy. raw materials. time for development. legal. marketing
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what are two methods of detecting impurities
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thin layer chromatography. expected mp/bp
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how is tlc carried out
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a spot of substance is placed on tlc plate and a suitable solvent is used in order to dissolve the sample and carry it across the plate
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how do we extract chemicals from plant sources
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1) crush plant material do uncrease sa and breakdown cell wall allowong chlorophyll to leave
2) dissolve in a suitable solvent 3) boil to separate the solvent 4) separate chemical by chromatography |
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nanoparticles - properties and uses
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large sa to volume ratio - quick reactions (catalysts)
nanotubes- reinforcing strucruest where lightness and strength is needed (tennis racket) drug delivery systems |
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why is graphite soft and slippery
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weak intermolecular forces between layers
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why is graphite a good conductor
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it has free electrons
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how can carbon exist
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graphite. Diamond. fullerenes
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Buckminster fullerenes
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type of fullerene containing 60 carbon atoms
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why do diamond and graphite have such different properties?
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graphite is bonded to three other carbons and diamond with 4
same atomic number but different atomic mass |
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properties of diamond
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lustrous. hard. insoluble. doesn't conduct
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properties of graphite
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black lustrous and opaque. soft and slippery. conducts electricity. insoluble in water
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