Bt 3

Front 1

PORTLAND CEMENT

Back 1

made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron components.

Front 2

SPECIAL CEMENTS

Back 2

● White Portland cement

● Masonry Cement

● Air-entraining Portland Cement

● Oil Well Cement

● Waterproof Portland Cement

Front 3

WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT

Back 3

same materials as normal Portland except in color.

Front 4

MASONRY CEMENT

Back 4

designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland cement or with a lime-cement combination.

Front 5

AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENT

Back 5

small amounts of this is added to the clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost.

Front 6

OIL WELL CEMENT

Back 6

special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells.

Front 7

WATERPROOF PORTLAND CEMENT

Back 7

normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to the cement clinker during the final grinding.

Front 8

CONCRETE

Back 8

artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material with a paste made of cement and water. These inert materials are the aggregate.

Front 9

AGGREGATE

Back 9

sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, burned clay, expanded vermiculite, and perlite.

Front 10

SAND

Back 10

found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed

Front 11

FINE AGGREGATE

Back 11

smaller than ¼” diameter stones.

Front 12

COURSE AGGREGATE

Back 12

bigger than ¼” diameter stones.

Front 13

CLASS “AA”

Back 13

● 1:1 ½ :3

● concrete under water, retaining walls

Front 14

CLASS A

Back 14

● 1:2:4

● footings, columns, beams, RC slabs

Front 15

CLASS B

Back 15

● 1:2 ½:5

● slab on fill, non load-bearing walls

Front 16

CLASS C

Back 16

● 1:3:6

● concrete plant boxes, etc.

Front 17

SLUMP TEST

Back 17

when freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20) in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on both ends.

Front 18

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Back 18

common quality - control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods.

Front 19

CONCRETE ADDITIVES

Back 19

materials often added to the concrete or applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete to produce some special result.

Front 20

ACCELERATORS

Back 20

an admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a material maybe added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several reasons.

Front 21

RETARDERS

Back 21

to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete.

Front 22

AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS

Back 22

air-entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group of chemical called surface active agents, materials that have the property of reducing the surface tension of water intended for use when better resistance to frost action is concerned.

Front 23

CONCRETE HARDENERS

Back 23

applied on concrete surface to increase hardiness and toughness.

Front 24

TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE HARDENERS

Back 24

● Chemical Hardeners

● Fine Metallic Aggregate

Front 25

CHEMICAL HARDENERS

Back 25

liquids containing silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting agent which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and allows it to penetrate the pores of the concrete more easily.

Front 26

FINE METALLIC AGGREGATE

Back 26

are specially processed and graded iron particles which are dry-mixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the surface of freshly floated concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.

Front 27

WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES

Back 27

material used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.

Front 28

DAMPROOFERS

Back 28

materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the concrete. Reduces permeability.

Front 29

TWO TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS

Back 29

● Metallic Aggregate

● Synthetic Latex Emulsion

Front 30

METALLIC AGGREGATE

Back 30

iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the permeability reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and subsequent expansion of the iron particles.

Front 31

SYNTHETIC LATEX EMULSION

Back 31

consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in water.

Front 32

PASTE SLURRY

Back 32

often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to pouring new concrete to increase the amount of paste.

Front 33

SET - INHIBITING AGENTS

Back 33

prevent the cement paste from bonding to the surface aggregate but will not interfere with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.

Front 34

POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES

Back 34

materials sometimes used in structures where its desirable to avoid high temperature or in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. Pozzolans maybe added to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of the cement to improve workability, impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.

Front 35

CONCRETE PRODUCTS

Back 35

made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior load-bearing walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.

Front 36

CONCRETE BLOCK

Back 36

● Hollow load-bearing concrete block

● Solid load bearing block

● Hollow; non-load bearing concrete block

● Concrete building tile

● Concrete brick

Front 37

HOLLOW LOAD - BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

Back 37

an 8” x 8” x 16” will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with heavyweight aggregate and 25 to 35 lb. when made with lightweight aggregate.

Front 38

SOLID LOAD BEARING BLOCK

Back 38

defines as one having a core area of not more than 25 percent of the gross cross-sectional area.

Front 39

HOLLOW; NON - LOAD BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

Back 39

one in which the core area exceeds 25 percent of the cross-sectional area.

Front 40

COMMON SIZES

Back 40

● 4” x 8” x 16” – for non-load bearing partitions

● 6” x 8” x 16” – for load bearing walls

Front 41

QUALITY

Back 41

● Hand made

● Machine made

● Steam cured

● Cellular Concrete Blocks

Front 42

HAND MADE

Back 42

backyard industry

Front 43

MACHINE MADE

Back 43

commonly sold

Front 44

STEAM CURED

Back 44

manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multi-storey buildings.

Front 45

CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS

Back 45

lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic ingredients are cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum powder.

Front 46

BRICK

Back 46

basic ingredient is clay.

Front 47

THREE PRINCIPAL FORMS

Back 47

● Surface Clay

● Shales

● Fire Clay

Front 48

SURFACE CLAY

Back 48

found near the surface of the earth

Front 49

SHALES

Back 49

clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard.

Front 50

FIRE CLAY

Back 50

found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities.

Front 51

TWO CLASSES OF CLAY

Back 51

● Calcareous Clays

● Non-calcareous Clays

Front 52

CALCAREOUS CLAYS

Back 52

contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a yellowish color.

Front 53

NON - CALCAREOUS CLAYS

Back 53

composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide. These clays burn buff, red or salmon depending on the iron oxide content which vary from 2 to 10 percent.

Front 54

STANDARD BRICK SIZE

Back 54

2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches

Front 55

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES

Back 55

are hollow units as opposed to brick which is sold. Tiles are made from the same material as brick, but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process.

Front 56

TYPES OF TILES

Back 56

● Load bearing wall tile

● Partition tile

● Back-up tile

● Furring tile

● Fireproofing tile

● Floor tile

● Structural Clay Facing tile

● Structural Glazed Facing tile

Front 57

LOAD BEARING WALL TILE

Back 57

used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually restricted to four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thickness.

Front 58

PARTITION TILE

Back 58

non-load bearing

Front 59

BACK - UP TILE

Back 59

intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or facing tile.

Front 60

FURRING TILE

Back 60

used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the passage of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load bearing.

Front 61

FIREPROOFING TILE

Back 61

structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to cover it with fire-proofing tile.

Front 62

FLOOR TILE

Back 62

manufactured in both load-bearing and non-load bearing grades in standard thickness raging from 3 to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.

Front 63

STRUCTURAL CLAY FACING TILE

Back 63

unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are designed to used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls and partitions.

Front 64

STRUCTURAL GLAZED FACING TILE

Back 64

produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of ceramic or salt glaze.

Front 65

TERRA COTTA

Back 65

means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer, and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.

Front 66

TWO TYPES OF CERAMIC VENEER

Back 66

● Adhesion Type

● Anchor type

Front 67

ADHESION TYPE

Back 67

held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing wall.

Front 68

ANCHOR TYPE

Back 68

are held by mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind.

Front 69

BUILDING STONES

Back 69

stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.

Front 70

THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES

Back 70

● Igneous

● Sedimentary

● Metamorphic

Front 71

IGNEOUS

Back 71

formed as a result of the cooling of molten matter.

Front 72

SEDIMENTARY

Back 72

formed by the action of water either by depositing materials at the bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.

Front 73

METAMORPHIC

Back 73

rocks changed from their original structure by the action of extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these factors.

Front 74

CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO FORM

Back 74

● Rubble

● Dimension (Cut stone)

● Flagstone (Flat slabs)

● Crushed rock

Front 75

RUBBLE

Back 75

includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material. (escombro and lastillas)

Front 76

DIMENSION ( CUT STONE )

Back 76

consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set or drawing. (for facing walls)

Front 77

FLAGSTONE ( FLAT SLABS )

Back 77

consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not have had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for walks and floors)

Front 78

CRUSHED ROCK

Back 78

consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a large extent in concreting.

Front 79

ASHLAR

Back 79

work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular coursed ashlar, regular coursed ashlar.

Front 80

RUBBLEWORK

Back 80

used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones and used as course rubble work, horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical course lines used.

Front 81

TRIM

Back 81

involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoins.

Front 82

AS JAMBS

Back 82

stones which form the sides of window and door openings.

Front 83

AS SILLS

Back 83

stones which form the bottom of window and door openings.

Front 84

AS BELTS

Back 84

special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular purpose. One reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of one material or to provide a break I the vertical plane of the wall, another reason is to hide a change in the wall thickness.

Front 85

AS COPINGS

Back 85

one which is cut fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the passage of water into the wall, sheds water to either inside or outside, and gives a finished appearance to the wall.

Front 86

AS CORNICES

Back 86

specially cut stones which are built into and project from a masonry wall near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.

Front 87

AS LINTELS

Back 87

stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.

Front 88

AS STONE STEPS

Back 88

made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.

Front 89

AS AN ARCH STONE

Back 89

cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window opening

Front 90

AS STONE FLOORING

Back 90

walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or tile with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed rectangular and square.

Front 91

GYPSUM

Back 91

a soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from w/c gypsum plaster is made (by heating); colorless when pure.

Front 92

WOOD

Back 92

a traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to countless variety of purposes.

Front 93

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Back 93

● Hardwoods

● Softwoods

Front 94

HARDWOODS

Back 94

‘deciduous’ trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time.

Front 95

SOFTWOODS

Back 95

‘conifers’ trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.

Front 96

MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD

Back 96

expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric-moisture meter method.

Front 97

THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER

Back 97

● Yard Lumber

● Shop Lumber

● Structural Lumber

Front 98

FINISHES OF WOOD

Back 98

● S1S

● S2S

● S4S

● Rough

Front 99

S1S

Back 99

surfacing or planning of one side.

Front 100

S2S

Back 100

two sides planed.

Front 101

S4S

Back 101

four sides planed.

Front 102

ROUGH

Back 102

as sawn and not planed.

Front 103

WOOD GRAIN

Back 103

● Edge Grain

● Flat Grain

● Angle Grain

Front 104

EDGE GRAIN

Back 104

annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.

Front 105

FLAT GRAIN

Back 105

when the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.

Front 106

ANGLE GRAIN

Back 106

when the annual rings are at about 45 degrees to the face.

Front 107

SEASONING OF LUMBER

Back 107

● Air-Drying

● Kiln-Drying

● Pressure treated lumber

Front 108

AIR - DRYING

Back 108

lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.

Front 109

KILN - DRYING

Back 109

more expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use.

Front 110

PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER

Back 110

when lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it from rots.

Front 111

SPECIFICATION WHEN BUYING LUMBER

Back 111

Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of lumber and finish.

Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S

Front 112

GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER

Back 112

term used to describe a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially parallel, and held together with glue as fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns, arches, arches, bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength.

Front 113

GLUE USE IN LAMINATING

Back 113

● Casein glue

● Urea-formaldehyde-resin

● Phenol-formaldehyde-resin glues ● Resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde

Front 114

CASEIN GLUE

Back 114

satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water.

Front 115

UREA - FORMALDEHYDE - RESIN

Back 115

cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool water.

Front 116

PHENOL - FORMALDEHYDE - RESIN GLUES

Back 116

not usually recommended because of the high temperature needed to cure them. Useful for combining timber and plywood and are very water-resistant.

Front 117

RESORCINOL - PHENOL - FORMALDEHYDE

Back 117

resin glues are expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and water resistance.

Front 118

BUILDING BOARDS

Back 118

a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc.

Front 119

KINDS OF BUILDING BOARDS

Back 119

● Plywood

● Hardboard

● Insulating Fiberboard

● Chipboard

● Particle Board

● Gypsum Board

● Straw Board

● Asbestos-cement Board

● Corkboard

● Paperboard

● Mineral Fiberground

● Plastic Foamboards

Front 120

PLYWOOD

Back 120

made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.

Front 121

VENEER

Back 121

each layer of plywood

Front 122

ROTARY CUTTING

Back 122

a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log in a continuous sheet.

Front 123

HARDBOARD

Back 123

made from processed wood chips.

Front 124

THREE GRADES OF BOARD

Back 124

● Standard

● Tempered hardboard

● Low-density hardboard

Front 125

STANDARD

Back 125

flexible to be quite easily bent.

Front 126

TEMPERED HARDBOARD

Back 126

made by impregnated standard board with a tempering compound of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.

Front 127

LOW - DENSITY HARDBOARD

Back 127

not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.

Front 128

INSULATING FIBERBOARD

Back 128

made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed into a board.

Front 129

CHIPBOARD

Back 129

a large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced with veneer.

Front 130

PARTICLE BOARD

Back 130

a hardboard made from relatively small particles.

Front 131

GYPSUM BOARD

Back 131

a wall board having a gypsum core.

Front 132

STRAW BOARD

Back 132

a hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree Fahrenheit and covered with a tough kraft paper.

Front 133

ASBESTOS - CEMENT BOARD

Back 133

a dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.

Front 134

CORKBOARD

Back 134

from the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked under pressure into rigid boards.

Front 135

PAPERBOARD

Back 135

made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft. wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. The other is a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick paper backing, cemented to the core.

Front 136

MINERAL FIBERGROUND

Back 136

thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.

Front 137

PLASTIC FOAMBOARDS

Back 137

polystrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40 times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall and roof deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.

Front 138

BUILDING PAPERS

Back 138

in building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and corrugated building products, and concrete form materials, as a moisture and vapor barrier; as cushioning material; as wallpaper; as an envelope or sheath for other materials; and as a fireproofing material.

Front 139

TYPE OF WOOD PULP

Back 139

● Mechanical Pulp

● Chemical Pulp

● Semi-chemical Pulp

Front 140

MECHANICAL PULP

Back 140

or groundwood, is produced by grinding blocks of wood against a revolving abrasive stone or by grinding steamed wood chips in a grinding mill.

Front 141

CHEMICAL PULP

Back 141

produced by digesting wood chips in various chemicals to free the cellulose fibers from the liquid binding.

Front 142

SEMI - CHEMICAL PULP

Back 142

wood chips are first subjected to a mild chemical treatment and then mechanically disintegrated in rotating disk refiners.

Front 143

TYPES OF PAPER

Back 143

● Sheathing Paper

● Roofing Paper

● Insulating Paper

● Cushioning Paper

● Vapor Barrier Paper

● Laminating Paper

● Concrete Form Paper

● Wallpaper

● Envelope Paper

● Fire Proofing Paper

Front 144

SHEATHING PAPER

Back 144

used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors, etc.

Front 145

ROOFING PAPER

Back 145

● Roofing Felts – used in making a built-up roof and are usually produced in 36 in. wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square.

● Rolled Roofing – a heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to 120 lb/square.

Front 146

INSULATING PAPER

Back 146

used to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as possible. Insulating papers are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and asbestos fibers.

Front 147

CUSHIONING PAPER

Back 147

similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid to strength. Its chief use is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing.

Front 148

VAPOR BARRIER PAPER

Back 148

intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.

Front 149

LAMINATING PAPER

Back 149

a special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the production of plastic laminates. The thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid plastic resin and several sheet are laminated together under heat and pressure to form the base for the plastic sheet.

Front 150

CONCRETE FORM PAPER

Back 150

made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube and boxlike from made from corrugated container paper.

Front 151

WALLPAPER

Back 151

paper from which decorative wallpaper is made.

Front 152

ENVELOPE PAPER

Back 152

used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building materials. One of these is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in both sides by a sheet of kraft paper.

Front 153

FIRE PROOFING PAPER

Back 153

made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible material. This material maybe in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating or roofing paper, or it may be in the form of a cloth woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers.

Front 154

BITUMEN

Back 154

a generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.

Front 155

TAR

Back 155

the resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on such materials as wood coal, shale, peat or bone.

Front 156

PITCH

Back 156

a solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.

Front 157

COAL - TAR PITCH

Back 157

most common material of this kind of pitch.

Front 158

ASPHALTS

Back 158

dark brown or black solids or semi-solids which are found in the natural state and are also produced by the refining of petroleum.

Front 159

LIQUID PAVING ASPHALTS

Back 159

liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks.

Front 160

ASPHALT PAVING CEMENTS

Back 160

used as binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.

Front 161

FERROUS METALS

Back 161

● Steel

● Pig Iron

● Wrought Iron

● Alloy Steels

● Nickel Steel

● Stainless Steels

● Copper

● Manganese Steel

● Weathering Steel

Front 162

STEEL

Back 162

a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap steel, graded according to the carbon content.

Front 163

PIG IRON

Back 163

used to make cast iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength, and has little use for construction

Front 164

WROUGHT IRON

Back 164

produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and other impurities.

Front 165

ALLOY STEELS

Back 165

made by containing other elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and manganese are used.

Front 166

NICKEL STEEL

Back 166

stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for building chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.

Front 167

STAINLESS STEELS

Back 167

made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and gravel stops.

Front 168

COPPER

Back 168

bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and metal lath.

Front 169

MANGANESE STEEL

Back 169

offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging tools.

Front 170

WEATHERING STEEL

Back 170

recently developed grade of steel. It forms its protection against atmospheric corrosion and thus requires no painting.

Front 171

NONFERROUS METAL

Back 171

● Aluminum

● Aluminum Foil

● Copper

● Lead

● Tin

Front 172

ALUMINUM

Back 172

a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable; has good thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.

Front 173

ALUMINUM FOIL

Back 173

used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation.

Front 174

COPPER

Back 174

a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength; is an excellent electrical and thermal conductor; is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely used for downspout, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc.

Front 175

LEAD

Back 175

a soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.

Front 176

TIN

Back 176

a lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal.

Front 177

GLASS

Back 177

a hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer.

Front 178

TYPES OF GLASS

Back 178

● Reflective Glass

● Rolled and Rough Cast Glass

● Cathedral and Figured Glass

● Wired Glass

● Heat –Absorbing Plate Glass

● Tempered Plate Glass

● Vitreous Colored Plate

● Laminated Safety Glass (Bullet Proofing)

● Insulating Glass

Front 179

REFLECTIVE GLASS

Back 179

used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber. Manufactured in two types, silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light transmittance of 8, 14, or 20 percent.

Front 180

ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS

Back 180

used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and because of its low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays striking it.

Front 181

CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED GLASS

Back 181

manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller.

Front 182

WIRED GLASS

Back 182

simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.

Front 183

HEAT – ABSORB8NG PLATE GLASS

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made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass so that the finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.

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TEMPERED PLATE GLASS

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three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same thickness – and area in resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or thermal shock.

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VITREOUS COLORED PLATE

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polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color which is fire-fused to the surface.

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LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS ( BULLET PROOFING )

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widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding some uses in the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.

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INSULATING GLASS

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consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET GLASS

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● Window Glass

● Heavy Sheet Glass

● Picture Glass

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WINDOW GLASS

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used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential buildings where good light and vision are required at moderate cost.

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HEAVY SHEET GLASS

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used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is required but where slight distortion is not objectionable.

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PICTURE GLASS

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used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides and instrument dials.

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GLASS PRODUCTS

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● Glass Blocks

● Solid Glass Brick

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GLASS BLOCKS

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comparable in many ways to unit masonry but have the added feature of transmitting light.

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SOLID GLASS BRICK

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also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability of the brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.

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PLASTICS

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a large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common substances such as coal, salt, oil. Natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these, relatively simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting with one another are produced. These are then built up into chain-like molecules of high molecular weight called polymers.

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TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

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● Thermoplastics

● Thermosetting Plastics

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THERMOPLASTICS

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become soft when heated and hard when cooled,regardless of the number of times the process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide, polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons, methyl pertenes, ionomer, fluoroplastics, acetal and acryonitrile butadieniene styrene (ABS).

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THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

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set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics, aminos (urea and melamine) epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).

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PRODUCTION: PLASTICS PRODUCTS ARE FORMED BY A NUMBER OF METHODS WHICH INCLUDE

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● Injection Molding Process

● Blow-Molding Process

● Rotational Molding

● Expandable Bead Molding

● Compression Molding

● Transfer Molding

● Foamed Plastics

● Thermoset Foam

● Extrusion Forming

● Thermoforming Process

● Laminating Process

● Casting

● Calendaring Process

● Plastic Laminates

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INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS

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measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity, where it cools of solidities.

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BLOW - MOLDING PROCESS

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an extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves of a hollow. As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and expand it to fit inside surface of the mold.

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ROTATIONAL MOLDING

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used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.

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EXPANDABLE BEAD MOLDING

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a process used to produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small granules of polysterene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and steam heated.

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COMPRESSION MOLDING

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a measured quantity of powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and pressure are applied to the powder which melts and flows to all parts of the mold.

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TRANSFER MOLDING

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similar to compression molding except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside the mold and injected into the mold under heat and pressure, where the forming and setting takes place.

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FOAMED PLASTICS

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are made by expanding agent with either granules or powder and then heating. Heat melts the plastic and causes the formation of a gas which expands the molten material into foamed structure.

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THERMOSET FOAM

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made by mixing the appropriate resin with a curing agent and an expanding agent and then heating them in a mold.

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EXTRUSION FORMING

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used for mass-produced materials which have a constant cross section, and it is done in two ways by forcing of semi-liquid plastic through a die of the proper size and shape in a manner similar to that used for forming brick by extrusion.

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THERMOFORMING PROCESS

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sheet plastic is heated until soft and then forced by air pressure against a cold and hardens in shape.

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LAMINATING PROCESS

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consists of impregnating sheets of paper, glass fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting liquid resin and then applying heat and pressure to a number of sheets to form a laminated product.

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CASTING

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a simple process in which liquid plastics, with their appropriate curing agent, are poured into molds and set, with or without heat.

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CALENDARING PROCESS

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plastic is fed to revolving rollers which turn out a thin sheet or film the thickness of the product is determined by the roller spacing, and the surface of the sheet may be smooth or matted, depending on the roller surface.

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PLASTIC LAMINATES

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consists of three or more layers of material bonded or laminated together with plastic adhesive under high pressure.

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COHESIVENESS

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the ability of particles of a material to cling tightly to one another.

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ADHESIVENESS

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the ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different material.

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SEALERS

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products which are used to seal the surface of various materials against the penetration of water or other liquids or in some cases to prevent the escape of water through the surface.

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THREE WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER

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● Conduction

● Radiation

● Convection

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CONDUCTION

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the inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside winter temperatures feels cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side of higher temperature to that lower temperature.

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RADIATION

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from this point, it is transferred to the outside air by radiation.

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CONVECTION

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when air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate, during the circulation it comes in contact with cooler surface, some of its heat is given up to them. It is therefore important to try to prevent air currents from being set up in the walls and ceiling of our buildings.

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KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION

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● Loose Fill

● Blanket Insulation

● Batts

● Structural Insulation Board

● Block or Rigid Slab Insulation

● Reflective Insulation

● Foamed-In-Place Insulation

● Sprayed-on-Insulations

● Corrugated Insulation

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LOOSE FILL

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● Fibrous type

● Granular insulation

● Fibrous loose fill

● Granules

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FIBROUS TYPE

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made from mineral woolrock wool, glass wool, or slag wool – or vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.

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GRANULAR INSULATION

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made from expanded minerals such as perlite and vermaculite or from ground vegetable matter such as granulated cork.

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FIBROUS LOOSE FILL

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used to insulate walls of buildings that have been built without insulation.

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GRANULES

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are graded into four sizes, 1, (3/8 in. to no. 16 sieve) and sizes 2 (no. 4 to no. 30 sieve) used as loose-fill insulation for sidewalls and ceilings over suspended ceilings, between wood sleepers over a concrete floor slab, as fill for the cores of concrete blocks, and sizes 3 (no. 8 to no. 100 sieve) size 4 (no. 16 to 100 sieve).

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BLANKET INSULATION

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made from some fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or animal hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in. width, in 8 ft. lengths or put up in rolls of from 40 to 100 linear feet, with controlled thickness of 1, ½, 2, 3 and 4 inches.

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BATTS

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similar to blankets but they are restricted to 48 inches in long or less they are always covered with paper, and made especially for installation between stud spacings.

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STRUCTURAL INSULATION BOARD

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made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork. The wood and cane raw material is first pulped, after which it is treated with water proofing chemicals.

● Strawboard

● Corkboard

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STRAWBOARD

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made from carefully selected straw, fused under heat and pressure into a panel 2 inches thick and 4 ft. wide.

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CORKBOARD

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made from granulated cork mixed with resin and pressed into sheets of several thickness, depending on the use to which they will be put.

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BLOCK OR RIGID SLAB INSULATION

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type of insulation is so called because the units are relatively stiff and inelastic. In most cases inorganic materials are used in their manufactures.

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REFLECTIVE INSULATION

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made from such materials as aluminum or copper foil or sheet metal, with bright surfaces that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.

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FOAMED - IN - PLACE INSULATION

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this is polyurethane product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester resin.

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SPRAYED - ON - INSULATIONS

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materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic binders, vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or gypsum and perlite aggregate using gypsum as binders.

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CORRUGATED INSULATION

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usually made from paper foamed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets. One type is produced by shaping heavy paper into a series of small regular semicircular corrugations and covering a both sides with a sheet of flat paper to give strength and produce the air pockets.

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WATERPROOFING

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a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects of water

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DAMP - PROOFING

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protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which turn water aside and force it to return to the earth.

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SOIL POISONING

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it is important to poison the soil against anay in order to stop the anay from infesting the main posts, walls and flooring.

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WOOD PRESERVATIVE

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a chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing fungi such as sap stain and dry rot.

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FIRE - PROOFING

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a clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that retains the natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay, insects and warping.

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RATPROOFING

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a method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of houses and buildings.

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RUSTPROOFING

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a method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or corrosion.

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THOROSEAL

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a cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal is ideal for basement walls.

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VAPOR BARRIERS

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are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are produced in sheets or thin layers.

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PAINT

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a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional properties.

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COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASE PAINT ARE

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● BODY

● VEHICLE

● PIGMENT

● THINNERS

● DRIERS

● VARNISHES

● ENAMELS

● SHELLAC

● LACQUERS

● STAINS

● FILLERS

● SEALERS

● SILICONE WATER REPELLANT

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BODY

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that solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the powder to hide, as well as color a surface.

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VEHICLE

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a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The vehicle should consists of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the remainder thinner and drier.

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PIGMENT

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material which give the paint its color.

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THINNERS

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are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better. Most common thinner is turpentine.

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DRIERS

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organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead manganese, and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.

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VARNISHES

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a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to it.

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ENAMELS

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when pigment is added to a varnish, the result is enamel.

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SHELLAC

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the only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The resin is an exudation of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the tree.

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LACQUERS

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a new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear finishes. The ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate, leaving a film to form the protective coating. When another class of material, “pigments” are added to clear lacquer, the result is lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.

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STAINS

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materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart color without concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.

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FILLERS

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are finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain, to fill the pores and provide a perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.

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SEALERS

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to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It may be applied to bare wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much less filling capacity.

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SILICONE WATER REPELLANT

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used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes as a protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to destroy the surface.

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BUILDING STONES

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● Argilite

● Granite

● Limestone

● Travertine

● Marble

● Serpentine

● Sandstone

● Slate rock

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ARGILITE

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one formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior window sills.

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GRANITE

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igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.

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LIMESTONE

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a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage lines and uniform in structure and composition.

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TRAVERTINE

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a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs.

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MARBLE

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metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case, limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.

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SERPENTINE

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igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive green to greenish black, but impurities may give the rock other colors.

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SANDSTONE

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a class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown and red.

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SLATE ROCK

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formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. A unique characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick.

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STONE CONSTRUCTION

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● Paneling

● Ashlar

● Rubblework

● Trim

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PANELING

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consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls and provide a finished exterior.