Bsc1011 Chapter 42: Animal Body And Principles Of Regulation

Front 1

vertebrate body organization

Back 1

levels form simple to complex: cells-->tissues-->organs(composed or 2 or more kinds of tissues)-->organ systems-->organism

Front 2

Mammals' diaphragm divides the _________ into the thoracic cavity and the_______ cavity

Back 2

1. coelom
2. abdominal

Front 3

homeotic genes

Back 3

control the development fate of particular segments or regions of an animals body found in all animals

Front 4

vertebrate tissues

Back 4

muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

Front 5

embryonic germ layer tissues

Back 5

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Front 6

epithelial tissues

Back 6

provide a selectively permeable barrier, protect from dehydration or mechanical damage, provide sensory surfaces, produces glands (invaginated epithelium) that secrete materials

Front 7

epithelial cells

Back 7

-squamous-flattene irregular shape and tapered edges; cubodial: cubed shape, often found in glands; columnar: cylinder shaped shells that contain goblet cells that secrete mucus.

Front 8

simple is a single layer of _____________; stratified is more than ___________ of epithelial cells

Back 8

1. epithelial cells
2. one layer

Front 9

TRUE or FALSE

cover structures and line the walls of body cavities; rest on basal lamina or basement membrane with a free side (Apical surface); are vascular, therefore relatively thin since they received materials via diffusion from adjacent tissue's blood vessels; simple squamous epithelium allows diffusion through membrane

Back 9

TRUE

Front 10

vertebrate glands

Back 10

derived from invaginated epithelium (typically cubodial); endocrine glands secret hormones that travel through the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts onto a free surface

Front 11

epidermis protection

Back 11

provided via keratin (waterproofing protein), stratified squamous; outer layer of dead squamous

Front 12

connective tissue

Back 12

cells embedded in an extracellular (protein fibers plus ground substance including carbohydrates) they produce; all originate from mesoderm germ layer; act to connect, anchor, and support (dense irregular ct prodices tough coverings that package organs); includes bone, cartilage, blood, adipose

Front 13

cartilage (chondrocytes: cartilage cells)

Back 13

composed of glycoproteins (chondroitin) and collagen fibers

Front 14

bone

Back 14

a special form of connective tissue; organic extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and salt crystals; serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions; bone marrow is a site for blood cells formations

Front 15

osteocyte

Back 15

living bone cell found in lacunae within an extracellular matrix hardened with calcium phosphate crystals;communicate with other osteocytes through canaliculi

Front 16

intercellular connections

Back 16

gap junctions found within smooth and cardiac muscle; these connections allow coordinated contractions

Front 17

vertebrate locomotion

Back 17

contraction of skeletal muscles anchored via tendons to bones

Front 18

muscle cells

Back 18

cells that contract or shorten; unique in relative abundance and organization of actin and myosin fibers contained in myofibrils

Front 19

skeletal muscle

Back 19

multi-nucleated, striated , and voluntary ; found connected to bone for locomotion

Front 20

cardiac muscle

Back 20

mono nucleated, striated, and involuntary; found in heart; contain intercalated disks (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

Front 21

smooth muscle

Back 21

mono-nucleated, unstriated, and involuntary; found surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organ

Front 22

neurons

Back 22

excitable cells that produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

include cell body ( contains nucleus and organelles), dendrites (highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body);

Front 23

axon

Back 23

single cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from cell body

Front 24

neuroglia

Back 24

do not conduct electrical impulses; support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons ;

Front 25

myelin sheath

Back 25

insulating cover formed by glial cells around axons; Schwann cells form myelin in PNS and oligodendcroytes form myelin in CNS

Front 26

nodes of Ranvier

Back 26

gaps in myelin sheaths, associated with acceleration of impulses

Front 27

nervous system

Back 27

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerves and ganglia)

Front 28

homeostasis

Back 28

the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a relatively constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Front 29

conformers vs/regulators

Back 29

conformers maintain same fluid composition as environment (lower energy)

Regulators maintain internal composition of fluids different from environment at a higher energy cost

Front 30

feed-forward regulation

Back 30

physiological changes that prepare the organism for anticipated changes

Front 31

feedback mechanisms

Back 31

process includes stimulus, sensor, set point, integrating center, effector, response

Front 32

TRUE or FALSE

Negative feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) while positive feedback emphasizes change.

Back 32

TRUE

Front 33

body temperature

Back 33

controlled by hypothalamus; a rise in the set point (as in the induction phase of a fever) would trigger muscles contracting causing shivers

Front 34

paracrine regulation

Back 34

release of factors into interstitial fluids by cells that influence the activity of nearby cells

Front 35

hormones

Back 35

a chemical messengers secreted from glands into the blood that can act on both nearby and distant target cells thereby regulating organs systems

Front 36

target cells

Back 36

cells with specific receptors (can be located on the surface or inside cell) that allow interaction of hormones or neurotransmitters

Front 37

body fluid

Back 37

intracellular and extracellular

Front 38

intracellular

Back 38

inside cells (contains most fluid)

Front 39

extracellular

Back 39

outside cells. includes plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 40

TRUE or FALSE

Barrier between intracellular and extracellular in plants and animals is plasma membrane

Back 40

TRUE

Front 41

solute movement across plasma membrane

Back 41

utilize simple diffusion, ATP-powered active transporters, and facilitated diffusion

Front 42

diffusion

Back 42

net movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration thru random motion

Front 43

DID YOU KNOW

Back 43

with diffusion, form promotes function, so epithelium specialized for diffusion would be thin with a relatively large surface area

Front 44

facilitated diffusion

Back 44

carrier protein facilitates solute movement in response to (gradient) thru conformational change

Front 45

OSMOSIS

Back 45

diffusion of water in response to water (gradient) caused by solute presence; net (free) water movement (via diffusion) across membrane towards a higher solute concentration, therefore, water moves from a region of high water concentration to one of low water concentration, or, water moves into the solution that is hypertonic

Front 46

solute

Back 46

substance dissolved in solvent

Front 47

solvent

Back 47

substance the solvent dissolves within

Front 48

solution

Back 48

mixture of solvent and solute

Front 49

isotonic

Back 49

comparison of two solutions where both have equal (solute), therefore have equal (water) no concentration gradient for water, so no net movement of water

Front 50

hypertonic

Back 50

in comparison of two solutions with unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with higher solute concentration; free water moves hypertonic solution

Front 51

hypotonic

Back 51

in comparison of two solutions with unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with lower solute concentration; free water moves out of hypotonic solution