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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ and _______ place limits on form.
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Evolutionary history and Physical laws
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Example of how evolutionary history places a constraint on form?
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Even though they spend all of their lives underwater, due to their ancestry, whales don’t have gills (they are mammals)
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Example of how physical laws constrain form?
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Due to the drag imposed by water (46x viscosity of air), aquatic predators must be hairless and sleek
Thus natural selection results in similar features in independent evolutionary lineages (i.e. convergent evolution) |
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__________ affects rate of H2O or heat loss or gain thus body size and shape is constrained by environment
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Surface Area to volume ratio
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______ animals loose H2O and heat faster than ________ animals
due to higher Surface area to volume ratio (SA/V). |
Small
Large |
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Animals with ____ bodies or limbs loose H2O and heat faster than ______ animals due to higher surface area to volume ratio.
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Long bodies
Compact animals |
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_____ animals are more likely to live in warm climates.
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Small.
Small animals have a HIGHER SA/V ratio so they need to live where they can minimize their heat loss. |
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_____ animals are more likely to live in cold climates.
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Large.
Large animals have a low SA/V ratio so they retain more heat. They can not live in climates where they would overheat |
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_________ cells have more difficulty moving substances in and out thus cell size is limited
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Large
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Organism size is constrained in that to be bigger
they must have _______ cells not ________ cells |
Must have MORE cells not LARGER cells
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________ cells must exchange materials with the environment.
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ALL
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How is the requirement to have all cells exchange materials with the environment dealt with in simple animals?
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Many simple animals are flat or designed so that most cells are in contact with external environment e.g. sponge, hydra, flatworm
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How is the requirement to have all cells exchange materials with the environment dealt with in complex animals?
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1. folded internal surfaces to increase SA/V
2. delivery/ removal systems (circulatory, digestive, respiratory & excretory systems interface w/ cells via interstitial fluids 3. Fluid filled compartments a. Coelom or pseudocoelom b. Hemocoel |
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Hierarchy of Form and Function?
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Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ systems
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Definition of a tissue?
4 Types? |
A group of similar specialized cells that function as a unit:
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Type of tissue that occurs in/on:
1. Surfaces that interface w/ outside - epidermis, cornea, mouth, rectum - GI, respir., repro., urinary tracts 2. Lines vessels & ducts 3. Glands (skin, liver etc.) 4. Membranes (peritoneum, pericardial, pleural etc.) |
Epithelial
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Main functions of epithelial tissues?
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1. Protection
mechanical damage chemical damage desiccation infection – barrier to disease cleaning – cilia in respiratory system 2. Metabolic Absorption – intestinal epitheal cells allow cells to absorb → inner intestine secretion (glands) |
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Epithelial tissues are classified based on? (Three things)
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1. # of layers
2. cell shape 3. Specialization |
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Different types of layers of epithelial tissues:
simple - ? stratified - ? Pseudostratified - ? |
simple – single layer of cells; all make it to surface
stratified – multiple layers of cells; no cells on basement membrane make it to surface pseudostratified – not all cells connected to basement membrane make it to surface |
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Epithelial cell shapes?
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squamous
cuboidal columnar Use figure 40.5 for pictures |
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6 Types of connective tissue?
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1. Loose CT
2. Fibrous 3. Cartilage 4. Bone 5. Adipose 6. Blood |
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Three type of fibers that make up connective tissue?
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1. collagenous (collagen) – strength and flexible
2. elastic (elastin) – stretcb and snap back 3. reticular (collagen but branched) – join connective tissue to adjacent tissures |
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Muscle tissue + connective tissue + nerves + blood vessels
= ? |
an organ called a “muscle”
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3 types of muscle tissues?
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1. Skeletal
2. Smooth 3. Cardiac |
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Type of muscle tissue?
Long, wide, parallel cells >Multiple nuclei located on edges (at the proiferi) > Striated Voluntary Location & function? |
Skeletal
• Attached to bones by tendons • Primarily used for movement |
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Type of muscle tissue?
Small tapered cells • 1 nucleus • Not striated; Involuntary. Location and Function? |
Smooth
•In walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary bladder, reproductive tract •Aids in digestion, circulation, reproduction |
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Long, branched cells
• 1 nucleus • Striated (not as striated as skeletal) • involuntary • Intercalated disks between cells - faster communication btwn cells |
Cardiac
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