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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Net water flow is from ____ to ______
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hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic
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Saltwater fish are _______ and their urine is _______
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hypotonic
concentrated |
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Freshwater fish are _______ and their urine is _______
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hypertonic
dilute |
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fish are born in freshwater live in saltwater and return to freshwater to breed
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Anadromous
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fish live in freshwater and enter saltwater to breed (e.g. many eels)
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Catadromous
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Rather than excreting all urea and TMAO, ______________ add some to their tissues. TMAO protects tissues from urea damage
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Elasmobranchs
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Excretion is the removal of ____________ of metabolism from cells
Elimination is the removal of __________ from the digestive tract |
nitrogenous byproducts
undigested food |
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What is the most toxic and least energy consuming nitrogen by product? What is the least? What is intermediate?
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Most: Ammonia
Least:Uric Acid Intermediate: Urea |
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Nitrogenous waste mainly occurring in aquatic animals that can not be stored?
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Ammonia
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Nitrogenous waste that does not need to be diluted and can be stored in bladder?
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Urea
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Nitrogenous waste that does not need to be diluted, is good for the amniotic egg and can NOT be stored in bladder?
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Uric acid
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Flatworms use ____________ for osmoregulation
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Protonephridia
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Most Annelids use ___________ for osmoregulation & excretion
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Metanephridia
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Insects use _____________ for osmoregulation and excretion
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Malpighian Tubules
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Urinary system = ?
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Renal artery/vein, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
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Kidneys filter total blood volume ______ per day
Produces _______ of filtrate Reaborbs ______ of filtrate Excretes _____ |
-300 times
-180 L - 95% - 1.5L |
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basic functional unit of kidney
1,000,000 in human kidney |
Nephron
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Most nephrons only in
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Cortex
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15% of nephrons have long tubes that stretch down into medulla called
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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renal corpuscle = ?
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Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus
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_______ is actively pumped out of proximal tubule and ______ passively follows. _______ follows via osmosis.
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Sodium
Chloride H2O |
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The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ______ and not _______ (or other solutes).
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H2O
NaCl |
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The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ______ and not _______.
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Na+ & Cl-
H2O |
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In the thin portion of the ascending limb ______ exits due to _______.
In the thick portion of the ascending limb ______ exits due to _______. |
NaCl exits due to diffusion
NaCl exits due to active transport |
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group of capillaries surrounding Loop of Henle that returns H2O and NaCl from Loop of Henle back to blood
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Vasa Recta
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____ and _____ are reabsorbed in the distal tubule and ________ is excreted.
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H2O and NaCl
K+ |
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Final processing in the collecting duct depends on bodies needs and is regulated by __________
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hormones
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If H2O and salt needed by body Na+ permeability increased by presence of ?
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aldosterone from adrenal gland
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If only H2O is needed by body:H2O permeability increased by?
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ADH from pituitary
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Where is H2O reabsorbed (4)?
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Proximal tubule, descending limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
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Where is NaCl actively reabsorbed?
NaCl passively reabsorbed? |
Active: proximal tubule, thick segment of ascending limb, distal tubule, and Collecting duct
Passive: Thin segment of ascending limb |
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Where does K+ enter tubule for excretion?
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Distal tubule.
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