Bsc 2010 Lesson 15

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outside sources

Back 1

Living cells require energy from

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sunlight; heat

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Energyflows into an ecosystem as ______ and leaves as ________.

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O2 and organic molecules

Back 3

Photosynthesisgenerates

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catabolic pathways

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release stored energy by breakingdown complex molecules

-Electrontransfer plays a major role in these pathways

-Theseprocesses are central to cellular respiration

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fermentation

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apartial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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aerobic respiration

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consumesorganic molecules and O2and yields ATP

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anaerobic respiration

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similarto aerobic respiration but consumes compounds otherthan O2

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cellular respiration

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includesboth aerobic and anaerobic respiration but isoften used to refer to aerobic respiration

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mitochondria; cytosol

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Aerobic respiration occurs in________ while fermentation occurs in the _______.

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produced using free energy from the breakdown of glucose

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how to produce ATP

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oxidation

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removalof electrons from ions or molecules

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reduction

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addingelectrons to ions or molecules (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

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redox reactions

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Electron transfer reactions are ______ reactions

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oxidation of organic molecules

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Oftenlead to loss of C-H or C-C covalent bonds (oxidation of glucose releases energy to form ATP)

-exergonic; spontaneous; -deltaG

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reduction of organic molecules

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Oftenlead to a gain of C-H or C-C covalent bonds

-endergonic; nonspontaneous; +deltaG

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reducing agent

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The electron donor is called

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oxidizing agent

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The electron receptor is called

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redox

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Some _______ reactions do not transfer electrons butchange the electron sharing in covalent bonds

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fuel; O2

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Duringcellular respiration, the ________ (such as glucose) is oxidized, and _______ is reduced

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electron transport chain

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NADH passes the electrons to the

Front 21

-glycolysis

-citric acid cycle

-oxidative phosphorylation

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stages of cellular respiration (3)

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glycolysis

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breaks down glucose into twomolecules of pyruvate

-can occur without o2

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citric acid cycle

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completes the breakdown of glucose

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oxidative phosphorylation

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accounts for most of the ATPsynthesis

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oxidative phosphorylation

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Theprocess that generates most of the ATP because it is powered by redoxreactions

-almost 90% of ATP

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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Asmaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by

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two molecules of pyruvate

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Glycolysis (“sugarsplitting”)breaks down glucose into

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energy investment phase

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2 ATP used one by hexokinase, another byphosphofructokinase

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energy pay off phase

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4 ATP made twoby phosphoglycerokinase, two by pyruvate kinase

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-Partial oxidation of glucose to form 2pyruvic acid molecules (loss of C-C and C-H bonds)

-Electrons removed from glucose byoxidation are added to the electron carrier NAD+ (2 NAD+ arereduced to 2 NADH)

-Energy released by partial oxidation ofglucose converts 2 ADP + 2 PO4→ 2 ATP

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steps of glycolysis (3)

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-2 pyruvate molecules + 2 H2O

-2 ATP molecules

-2 NADH + 2H+

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products of glycolysis

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citric acid cycle; kern's cycle

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completesthe break down of pyruvate to CO2

- takesplace within the mitochondrial matrix

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-Partial oxidation breaks C-C bonds andreleases CO2

-Electrons from oxidation of pyruvic acidare added to NAD+and FAD to form NADH and FADH2,respectively

-1 ATP is assembled from ADP + PO4 fromenergy released by oxidation

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steps of citric acid cycle (3)

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-1ATP

-3 NADH

-1 FADH2

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products of citric acid cycle

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-2 ATP

-6 NADH

- 6H+

-2 FADH2

-4CO2

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2 acetyl CoA molecules enter thecycle and produces a total of

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-Theacetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate

-Thenext seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the processa cycle

-TheNADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relayelectrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

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steps of citric acid cycle (8)

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oxidative phosphorylation

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These two electron carriers donateelectrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via

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cytochromes

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Electrons are passed through anumber of proteins including

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no; directly

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The electron transport chaingenerates ____ ATP ______.

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chemi-osmosis

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§theuse of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

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proton-motive force

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The H+ gradient is referred to as a

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beta oxidation

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Fatty acids are broken down by betaoxidationand yield acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2