Bryan - La Med Iii - Nutrition & Mastitis Exam Final - Spring 3Rd Year

Front 1

T or F:
Both ketosis and hypocalcemia are preventable with proper nutrition.

Back 1

True!

Front 2

What are the ketone bodies?

Back 2

Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
Beta hydroxybutyric acid

Front 3

Which of the following are true regarding ketosis?
a) 6-8% of cattle are affected with clinical ketosis annually
b) the highest incidence occurs within 10 days postpartum
c) up to 25% of cattle are thought to have subclinical ketosis in the first week postpartum
d) usually affects the skinny cows

Back 3

a) 6-8% of cattle are affected with clinical ketosis annually
c) up to 25% of cattle are thought to have subclinical ketosis in the first week postpartum
(note - highest incidence @ 3 wks postpartum; affects FAT cows)

Front 4

Gluconeogenesis relies on which substance primarily?

Back 4

Proprionate

Front 5

What is the transition period in dairy management? When does the dry period start?

Back 5

Transition (3 wks pre-parturition to 6 wks post calving)
Dry period (~305d post parturition)

Front 6

T or F:
An elevated temperature is commonly not associated with ketosis.

Back 6

True!

Front 7

Which of the following are good goals to prevent ketosis in the transition cow?
a) feed a low Ca diet
b) reduce dry matter intake
c) increase dry matter intake
d) reduce stress
e) reduce caloric intake

Back 7

c) increase dry matter intake
d) reduce stress

Front 8

Which of the following are NOT true regarding ketosis?
a) all tissues can use ketones for energy
b) most cattle cannot ingest enough feed to meet energy needs during early and peak lactation
c) energy requirements double with the onset of lactation
d) dry matter intake increases with lactation output
e) the lowest energy balance is at month 2 or 3

Back 8

a) all tissues can use ketones for energy (not the liver!)
c) energy requirements double with the onset of lactation (no they quadruple)
d) dry matter intake increases with lactation output (nope, DMI lags by 2 or 3 weeks)

Front 9

What causes decreased dry matter intake?

Back 9

Physical inability to eat as much (d/t pregnancy);
Also prolactin is an appetite suppressant

Front 10

Choose type I or type II ketosis for the following:
- associated with fatty liver
- occurs during peak lactation
- occurs 1-10d post parturition
- most common
- high urine ketones

Back 10

II - associated with fatty liver
I - occurs during peak lactation
II - occurs 1-10d post parturition
I - most common
I - high urine ketones

Front 11

Choose type I or type II ketosis for the following:
- very low blood glucose
- occurs 3-6 wks postpartum
- high blood NEFA
- moderate urine ketones
- poor prognosis

Back 11

I - very low blood glucose
I - occurs 3-6 wks postpartum
I & II - high blood NEFA
II - moderate urine ketones
II - poor prognosis

Front 12

Which of the following are not true regarding ketosis?
a) Hypoglycemia results in fat mobilization
b) insulin is pro lipolytic
c) insulin and epinephrine convert triglycerides to NEFAs
d) beta oxidation converts NEFAs to ketones
e) oxaloacetate can regenerate pyruvate

Back 12

b) insulin is pro lipolytic (NO, it is anti-lypolytic)
d) beta oxidation converts NEFAs to ketones (no, ketones occur when there is insufficient oxidation)

Front 13

Which of the following clinical signs are consistent with ketosis?
a) hear heartbeat in the rumen
b) tachycardia and tachypnea
c) diarrhea
d) blind, aggressive, drooling
e) won't eat concentrates

Back 13

a) hear heartbeat in the rumen
d) blind, aggressive, drooling
e) won't eat concentrates
(normal vitals, dry manure and haircoat, hypomotile rumen)

Front 14

What is the rate-limiting substance for efficient oxidation of Acetyl CoA? Where does this substance come from?

Back 14

Oxaloacetate (made from proprionate, lactate, and pyruvate)

Front 15

T or F:
Most fats in the liver are in the form of FFAs.

Back 15

False! They're NEFAs!

Front 16

Name the body fluid associated with the following (in ketosis):
- highest ketone concentration
- lowest ketone concentration
- overly sensitive ketone tests
- most accurate ketone test
- specific and sensitive for cowside diagnosis

Back 16

Urine - highest ketone concentration
Milk - lowest ketone concentration
Urine - overly sensitive ketone tests
Milk - most accurate ketone test
Blood - specific and sensitive for cowside diagnosis

Front 17

What are levels of ketones of the following substances in a cow with ketosis?
Urine
Blood
Milk

Back 17

>84mg/dL urine
>30 blood
>10 milk

Front 18

Which of the following clin-path values are NOT true regarding ketosis?
a) elevated AST, SDH, and liver function values
b) Liver values resemble that of cows with fatty liver syndrome
c) lymphopenia and neutropenia
d) hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
e) liver biopsy and fat analysis is the only reliable way to ascertain degree of hepatic lipidosis

Back 18

b) Liver values resemble that of cows with fatty liver syndrome (no, they're more mild)
c) lymphopenia and neutropenia (no, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, eosinophilia)

Front 19

T or F:
Pooled threshold values for NEFAs and BHBs are often higher than values for the individual.

Back 19

False!
Pooled values should be LOWER

Front 20

Choose the ketone treatment associated with the following:
- causes body gluconeogenesis from body protein stores
- may lead to LDA
- most appropriate for chronic ketosis
- questionable efficacy
- can be given via drenching

Back 20

Glucocorticoids - causes body gluconeogenesis from body protein stores
IV glucose - may lead to LDA
Insulin - most appropriate for chronic ketosis
Choline - questionable efficacy
Propylene glycol - can be given via drenching

Front 21

What BCS should be the target for pre-partum cattle to prevent ketosis?

Back 21

3.25 - 3.75

Front 22

What is the most important factor in ketosis prevention?

Back 22

keep DMI high in late gestation and early lactation

Front 23

Which of the following are true when preventing hypocalcemia with diet?
a) HCl is great!
b) dietary cation/anion difference should be >15
c) metabolic acidosis improves PTH responsiveness
d) Mg:K ratio should be 4:1
e) monitor via urine pH

Back 23

a) HCl is great!
c) metabolic acidosis improves PTH responsiveness
e) monitor via urine pH
(note: DCAD should be between -10 and -15; Mg:K should be 1:4, keeping K low)

Front 24

T or F:
Hypomagnesemic tetany often has concurrent hypocalcemia.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Which group is commonly affected by hypomagnesemic tetany?

Back 25

lactating beef cattle

Front 26

Put the following in order of most to least susceptible to grass staggers.
a) Angus
b) Holstein
c) Brahman
d) Hereford
e) Jersey

Back 26

(most) Angus>Hereford>Jersey>Holstein>Brahman (least)

Front 27

What types of forage predispose an animal to grass staggers?

Back 27

Fast growing, cool season grasses/winter cereal grains (oats, barley, wheat)

Front 28

T or F:
Less Mg is absorbed when the rumen pH is low.

Back 28

False!
MORE Mg is absorbed in acidic conditions

Front 29

Which of the following are not true?
a) high K results in lower Mg in plants
b) high N results in lower Mg in plants
c) high K in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen
d) high N in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen
e) N concentrations increase when plant growth is rapid

Back 29

d) high N in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen (nope, this is high K)
e) N concentrations increase when plant growth is rapid (nope, K concentrations increase with rapid growth)

Front 30

T or F:
Pastures low in N and high in K predispose animals to grass staggers.

Back 30

False!
Pastures high in N and K (and low in Mg) predispose to grass staggers

Front 31

Which of the following govern Mg homeostasis?
a) diet
b) PTH
c) osteoclast activity
d) fat stores
e) Na intake

Back 31

a) diet
e) Na intake (Na-linked active transport)

Front 32

What is the most consistent clinical sign in hypomagnesemic tetany?

Back 32

Change in behavior (alert or aggressive)

Front 33

Which of the following clincial signs are congruent with grass staggers?
a) hear heartbeat in the rumen
b) high body temp
c) tachycardia
d) flaccid paralysis
e) loud heartbeat

Back 33

b) high body temp
c) tachycardia
e) loud heartbeat

Front 34

Which responds faster to therapy - milk tetany or grass staggers?

Back 34

Milk tetany!

Front 35

If you have a tetanic cow that suddenly died. What tissue should you obtain to test for hypomagnesemia?

Back 35

Eyeballs!

Front 36

T or F:
Absence of urine Mg is a good screening test for hypomagnesemia.

Back 36

False!
No Mg in urine means that blood urine is < 1.89mg/dL which, although low, isn't yet clinically hypomagnesemic.

Front 37

You have a hypomagnesemic animal showing neuro signs. Predict the Mg values in the following fluids:
Blood
Urine
CSF

Back 37

Blood <1.0mg/dL
Urine 0mg/dL
CSF <1.45 mg/dL

Front 38

How is grass staggers treated?

Back 38

Prompt IV Ca and Mg (usually CaMgPK solution) + MgSO4 SQ
Maybe oral MgO supplementation (in gelcaps)

Front 39

How can hypomagnesemia be prevented?

Back 39

Supplement w/Mg 2 wks prior to parturition
Ad-libitum NaCl

Front 40

What are the 3 major methods for investigating abnormal milk?

Back 40

Strip plate/cup/boot
California Mastitis Test
Milk Culture

Front 41

Which electrolytes increase in the milk with cases of mastitis?

Back 41

Na and Cl

Front 42

T or F:
Lactose and casein is made in the glandular columnar epithelium while IgG is made in lymphoid tissue and exported into the gland.

Back 42

True!

Front 43

Which milk test is associated with the following:
- milk mixed with detergent
- only detects clinical mastitis
- rarely done due to milk opacity
- can detect subclinical mastitis
- requires special media

Back 43

CA mastitis test - milk mixed with detergent
Strip cup - only detects clinical mastitis
Cytology - rarely done due to milk opacity
CA mastitis test - can detect subclinical mastitis
Culture - requires special media

Front 44

What are NORMAL values of Na and K in milk? How do these compare to blood values?

Back 44

Na - 22mEq/L (blood is 140-145)
K - 38mEq/L (blood is usually 4)

Front 45

When is acute clinical mastitis usually seen?

Back 45

End of dry period or beginning of lactation cycle

Front 46

Which organisms may cause a febrile presentation of mastitis?

Back 46

Pasteurella
Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus
(PMS - it's a bitchy cow with a fever)

Front 47

Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- ZERO milk production
- blue bag
- Gram + organisms
- don't use abx to treat
- only chunky milk

Back 47

Toxic - ZERO milk production
Gangrenous - blue bag
Acute & Gangrenous - Gram + organisms
Toxic - don't use abx to treat
Acute - only chunky milk

Front 48

Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- Characterized by panneutropenia
- udder is often sterile
- Gram - organisms
- treat with intra-mmary abx
- chunky to purulent and bloody or gassy milk

Back 48

Toxic - Characterized by panneutropenia
Toxic - udder is often sterile
Toxic - Gram - organisms
Acute - treat with intra-mmary abx
Gangrenous - chunky to purulent and bloody or gassy milk

Front 49

Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- Characterized by neutrophilia
- watery to hemorrhagic milk
- more likely to see systemic signs
- S. agalactiae or dysgalactiae
- E. coli

Back 49

Acute or Gangrenous - Characterized by neutrophilia
Toxic - watery to hemorrhagic milk
Toxic - more likely to see systemic signs
Acute - S. agalactiae or dysgalactiae
Toxic - E. coli

Front 50

When do cows usually present with toxic mastitis?

Back 50

Infected w/E. coli while dry and present w/signs 16-24 hrs after inflammatory response (d/t endotoxin release)

Front 51

Which organisms commonly cause acute mastitis?

Back 51

Gram positives!
(Strept agalactiae, dysgalactiae, or uberis; also Mycoplasma, P. candida, or S. aureus)

Front 52

Which organism commonly is implicated in gangrenous mastitis?

Back 52

Staph aureus
Also Arcanobacter, Pasteurella

Front 53

Which organisms are commonly implicated in mammary abscesses?

Back 53

Arcanobacterium
Staph.

Front 54

What is the most common FUNGAL isolate in mastitis?

Back 54

Candidia

Front 55

Which of the following are NOT implicated in toxic mastitis?
a) E. coli
b) Klebsiella
c) Salmonella
d) Pasteurella
d) Pseudomonas
e) Arcanobacter

Back 55

e) Arcanobacter
(the rest are gram negative)

Front 56

Which of the following organisms are considered contagious causes of mastitis?
a) Pseudomonas
b) Pasteurella
c) E. coli
d) Mycoplasma
e) Strept agalactiae

Back 56

d) Mycoplasma
e) Strept agalactiae

Front 57

Which of the following are considered environmental contaminants in mastitis?
a) E. coli
b) Strept. uberis
c) Strept. dysgalactiae
d) Mycoplasma
e) Arcanobacter

Back 57

a) E. coli
b) Strept. uberis
e) Arcanobacter

Front 58

Which organism is considered quasi-contagious (meaning normal reservoir is the teat skin and not the mammary gland)?

Back 58

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci

Front 59

Which organisms have the worst prognosis for mastitis? What other conditions may they be associated with?

Back 59

Staph aureus
Mycoplasma
(assoc w/lameness, resp dz, and repro failure)