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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
In milk calf nutrition, growth is proportional to...
...starter intake
When should a dairy calf be weaned?
definitely by 60d; can wean earlier (as early as 4 weeks!!)
What does NAHMS stand for?
National Animal Health Monitoring System
How fast should a Holstein calf grow the first 6 weeks of life?
1.6 to 1.75 lbs/day (maybe not the first couple of weeks though)
What are the goals of calf development?
Rapid, lean body growth
Optimal fat deposition
Rapid rumen development
Optimal health
Why feed milk replacer?
Biosecure
Cheaper
Easy to store
Where does the energy in milk come from, mostly?
Fat and lactose
T or F:
Enhanced milk replacer strategies are better than nursing from dam in terms of eventual milk yield.
False!
They are pretty much the same!
What are the 4 major areas to examine on a milk replacer label?
Mixing instructions (dilution rate)
Feeding instructions
Feeding frequency
Supplements to add to program
What are the 3 important aspects of milk replacer composition?
Protein
Fat
Fiber
Fiber >0.2% in a milk replacer should make you suspicious that...
...soybean protein is being used
T or F:
Higher ME values lead to higher expected daily gain.
True!
What is the expected ADG in a typical milk replacer?
0.22 lbs/d
Which combo is ideal for a milk replacer?
a) equally moderate protein:fat
b) high but equal protein:fat
c) high protein, low fat
d) high protein, moderate fat
e) moderate protein, high fat
d) high protein, moderate fat
T or F:
The ideal diet is mother's milk!
True!
When should you suggest that a farmer feeds milk replacer?
When he gets more $$$ for mom's milk than it costs him to buy GOOD milk replacer!
Which of the following are not true regarding calf weaning?
a) calf starters should nutritionally match milk replacer
b) starter grain should be fed at 50% of necessary intake
c) replacer should not be diluted
d) feed 50% replacer and 50% starter first 7 days
e) calf should be off replacer after 7 days
b) starter grain should be fed at 50% of necessary intake (NO; give 105% of ad libitum starter intake)
d) feed 50% replacer and 50% starter first 7 days (yes to the replacer, no to the starter - should be 105%)
Which two factors are commonly deficient in malnutrition?
Protein and Energy
What percentage of protein is necessary for normal rumen function?
6 to 7%
T or F:
The low digestibility of a high fiber diet leads to a reduced feed passage rate.
True
What is normal blood glucose in a ruminant?
40 mg/dL
Which of the following are not true regarding energy biochemistry in the ruminant?
a) NEFAs are mobilized via glycogenolysis
b) increased insulin results in reduced lipogenolysis
c) Ketone bodies are made when NEFAs are incompletely reduced.
d) gluconeogenesis is stimulated by cortisol
e) most amino acids in gluconeogenesis come from muscle in a starvation state
a) NEFAs are mobilized via glycogenolysis (NO; via lipolysis)
c) Ketone bodies are made when NEFAs are incompletely reduced. (NO, from incomplete oxidation)
Why do malnourished ruminants get diarrhea?
Rumen microbes die-off due to lack of substrate, digestive capacity reduces and diarrhea explodes!
Why does a malnourished ruminant still have diarrhea even when you start feeding it a correct feed?
Microbe and enzyme deficiency remains causing reduced digestive capacity
Which of the following are sequelae to protein energy malnutrition?
a) cessation of estrus
b) offspring are not affected due to diversion of maternal resources
c) immunosuppression
d) monoclonal gammopathy
e) sophomore slump
a) cessation of estrus
c) immunosuppression
e) sophomore slump
How should you approach a weight loss/failure to grow case BEFORE performing your physical exam?
Good history
Inspect feeding facilities
Inspect all feeds
What are some features of the physical exam you should pay attention to with a weight loss/failure to grow case?
Dentition and masticatory ability
BCS
Parasites
Rumen pH and motility
Ketone presence
Concurrent dz
Appetite presence
What are some diagnostics to turn to with a weight loss/failure to grow case?
Albumin
Globulins
GGT, BUN, Ca, PO4, Cu
Beta hydroxybutarate levels
Predict the following in a case of malnutrition:
- PO4
- Beta hydroxybutyrate
- Cu
- protein
- albumin
low initially but high w/muscle wasting - PO4
high d/t lipolysis - Beta hydroxybutyrate
low Cu can cause malnutrition
Hypoproteinemia
Hypoalbuminemia
What is the hallmark of protein energy malnutrition on necropsy?
Serous atrophy (esp in coronary groove)
What is the most common cause of protein energy malnutrition?
Poor feed quality/insufficient quantity
What are common signs of protein energy malnutrition (the 2 most common)?
Diarrhea
Reduced rumen motility
I guess you should throw weight loss on there too...
Which of the following are not true regarding protein energy malnutrition?
a) most common in dairy heifers
b) affects spring calving herds
c) rare in beef cattle
d) commonly due to dental attrition in sheep
e) animals usually die with 7-14 d once recumbent, even with treatment
a) most common in dairy heifers (NO; beef calving herds in spring)
c) rare in beef cattle (NO; rare in dairy d/t management)
Which of the following are the most acceptable treatments for protein energy malnutrition in ruminants?
a) ad libitum concentrate
b) rumen transfaunation
c) C-section/parturition induction
d) IV dextrose
e) high quality legume
b) rumen transfaunation
c) C-section/parturition induction
d) IV dextrose (only in little guys)
e) high quality legume (this is the BEST)
What are some methods that can prevent protein energy malnutrition?
High quality feed provided
Supplemental feeding
Shelter (prevent getting cold)
Separating pregnant from heifers
T or F:
Fatty liver is common in protein energy metabolism.
False!
Only occurs in acutely starved animals. In PEM, fat is used at a rate precluding hepatic accumulation
Which rumen microbes die first?
Protozoa
T or F:
Animals with protein energy malnutrition are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections.
False!
True about the bacteria, false about the viruses (not enough protein for viral replication)
How can protein energy malnutrition be differentiated from pregnancy toxemia in sheep?
PEM doesn't have ketonuria
How much energy does a 500kg horse require per day?
16.4 Mcal
(1.4 + (0.03*kg body wt)) = Mcal/day
What is digestible energy?
Gross energy intake - energy left in feces
What are approximate values for a GOOD equine feed for the following parameters?
Crude Protein
MDF
ADF
Mcal/lb for good hay
>13% Crude Protein
<30% MDF
20% ADF
0.76 to 0.94 Mcal/lb of good hay
How much dry matter should horses eat daily?
2 to 2.5% (max of 3%) body wt
T or F:
Forage should supply at least 80% of a horses DM intake.
False; At least 50%
What are signs of starvation in horses?
BCS <3.5
Obtundation, lethargy, colic, difficulty swallowing
Cribbing, repetitive movement, jaundice
Which of the following are not signs of protein malnutrition?
a) hirsutism
b) recumbency
c) respiratory signs
d) diarrhea
e) stocking-up
a) hirsutism (would actually see hair loss)
How is protein malnutrition manifested in young animals? In mature animals?
Young (reduced growth)
Mature (wt loss, poor performance, hair loss, coprophagy, hardship grooves)
Predict the following values in equine protein malnutrition:
- BUN
- plasma protein
- FFAs
- NEFA
- VLDL
- albumin
low - BUN
low - plasma protein
high - FFAs
high - NEFA
high - VLDL
low - albumin
Which of the following are not true regarding refeeding syndrome in horses?
a) acute wt loss of 10%
b) triggered by abrupt increase in feed volume
c) electrolyte imbalances include high P, K, and Mg
d) prevented by slow introduction of feed
e) occurs within 1-2 days following reintroduction of food
b) triggered by abrupt increase in feed volume (NO; abrupt increase in glucose)
c) electrolyte imbalances include high P, K, and Mg (LOW P, K, Mg)
e) occurs within 1-2 days following reintroduction of food (NO, within 3-5 days)
Which systems does refeeding syndrome primarily affect?
Cardiovascular
Kidney
Respiratory
What supplement is important in Mg metabolism that should be supplemented when refeeding a starved horse?
Thiamine!
When a horse is ________% of optimal weight, it progresses to recumbency.
40%
T or F:
Survival is unlikely if a horse has lost 45-50% of body weight
True!