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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How can WNV be prevented?
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Vaccination
Mosquito control Remove horses from mosquitoes |
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How is WNV diagnosed?
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IgM capture ELISA
Mononuclear pleiocytosis in CSF HI, plaque neutralization |
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What are EARLY signs of polyradiculoneuritis in horses?
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Hyperesthesia then hypoesthesia
Retention of urine/feces |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding polyradiculoneuritis in horses?
a) LMN signs are more commonly symmetrical b) CN signs are less often asymmetrical c) Thought to be immune-mediated in pathogenesis d) usually young horses e) glucocorticoids may improve prognosis |
b) CN signs are less often asymmetrical (NO; they are commonly asymmetrical)
d) usually young horses (OLD) e) glucocorticoids may improve prognosis (NO TREATMENT) |
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Which blood profile change is often SUPPORTIVE for a diagnosis of polyradiculoneuritis (hint - this is definitely not a normal aspect of the chem panel)?
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Circulating antibodies to P2 myelin protein
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Which cranial nerves are most commonly affected in polyridulousneuritis?
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CN V, VII, VIII (ASYMMETRICALLY)
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Which antibiotics should be AVOIDED in treating botulism in a foal? Which antibiotic can be used?
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Procaine
Gentamycin Tetracycline (Metronidazole is OK) |
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How is botulism diagnosed?
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History + Cx
Toxin ID 5 minute grain test Can't put tongue back in mouth EMG??? |
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Which of the following are NOT concurrent with botulism?
a) adults often eat the preformed toxin b) only peripheral nerve involvement c) sawhorse stance d) late dysphagia e) 3rd eyelid prolapse |
c) sawhorse stance (this is TETANUS)
d) late dysphagia (NO this is an EARLY sign) e) 3rd eyelid prolapse (TETANUS) |
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If you see multiple horses with muscle weakness and CN involvement, what should you think?
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BOTULISM
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How can botulism be prevented?
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Vaccinate mares 1 month b4 foaling (mostly for Clostridium type B so it doesn't work in OR where we have type A)
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T or F:
Shaker foals are an example of forage poisoning. |
False! Toxicoinfectious botulism!
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding tetanus in horses?
a) 75% morbidity rate b) trismus is common c) tetanus anti-toxin should be used in suspected cases d) GI inhabitant e) injury occurs 3 days before clinical signs |
a) 75% morbidity rate (MORTALITY)
b) trismus is common c) tetanus anti-toxin should be used in suspected cases (TOXOID) e) injury occurs 3 days before clinical signs (9 DAYS) |
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Which 3 factors improve the prognosis in tetanus?
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Previous vaccination
Not recumbent Responsive to sedatives |
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How is tetanus treated?
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Quiet, dark stall
Maybe high-dose anti-toxin?? Wound management (Penicillin + aeration) Muscle relaxants |
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What are possible sequelae to tetanus?
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Rhabdomyolysis
Renal failure (pigmenturia) Serum sickness (Theiller's Dz) |
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What are CLASSIC signs for tetanus?
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sawhorse stance
sardonic grin 3rd eyelid prolapse |
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Which of the following are associated with flaccid hypocalcemic tetany?
a) normal serum Mg b) ionized Ca <5mg/dl c) mydriasis d) 3rd eyelid protrusion e) stupor |
a) normal serum Mg
c) mydriasis e) stupor (Note: TOTAL Ca <5mg/dl) |
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Which of the following are associated with tetanic hypocalcemic tetany?
a) low serum Mg b) total Ca <5mg/dl c) trismus d) recumbency e) ptosis |
a) low serum Mg
c) trismus (Note: TOTAL Ca between 5 and 8 mg/dl) |
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What are target Ca:P ratios?
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Between 1.3 and 2:1
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How is rabies diagnosed?
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ONLY POST-MORTEM
Direct fluorescent antibody test on brain 50% have Negri bodies |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding rabies in large animals?
a) LAs usually get dumb form b) incubation from 2-3 wks c) only in mammals d) usually fatal 2-5d post clinical signs e) new PCR test can diagnose ante-mortem if clinical signs are apparent |
b) incubation from 2-3 wks (NO; 2 wks to 3 mos)
e) new PCR test can diagnose ante-mortem if clinical signs are apparent (NO ANTE-MORTEM TEST) Note: usually fatal 2-5d post clinical signs but may take up to 2 wks |
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What are clinical signs of rabies?
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Self mutilation (paresthesia)
Progressive paralysis Phonation changes Fever, ataxia, recumbency |
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How fast does rabies migrate?
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3mm/hr
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What factors dictate the clinical signs of rabies?
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Dose
Viral strain Host immunity Wound location in relation to CNS |
