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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Division
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-process in which the cell divides into 2 "daughter cells"
-the 2 "daughter cells" that result are genetically identical to each other and to the original "parent" |
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Chromosomes
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the structures that contain most of the cell's DNA
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Asexual Reproduction
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-does not involve fertilization of an egg by sperm
-inherit all chromosomes from single parent |
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Sexual Reproductions
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-requires fertilization of an egg by sperm
-gametes (egg and sperm) -the production of gametes involves cell division called meiosis -mitosis is for growth and reproduction |
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Genes of Eukaryotic Cell
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-located in the cells nucleus
-21,000 in humans |
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Chromatin
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-fibers
-chromosomes composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules (the protein helps organize the chromatin and control activity of its genes) |
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Histones
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-small proteins
-found only in eukaryotic cells -crucial aspect of DNA packing |
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Nucleosome
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-"bead"
-consists of DNA wound around histone molecules -coiling process |
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Heredity/Genetics
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H-transmission of traits from one generation to the other
G-the scientific study of heredity |
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Gregor Mendel
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-1860's
-garden peas -studied heredity |
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Chiasm
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the sites of crossing over appears as X shaped regions, each is called a chiasm
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Life Cycle
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sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the next
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Diploid
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-humans and most animals
-contains pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Haploid
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-single chromosome
-only one member of each pair |
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Zygote
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resulting fertilized egg
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Meiosis
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the process of cell divisions that produces haploid gametes in diploid organism
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Non-Disjunction
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members from the chromosomes pair fail to separate at anaphase
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Down Syndrome
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-trisomy 21
-extra chromosomes |
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Purebred
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bred from parents of the same breed
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Locus
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specific location of a gene along the chromosomes
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Achnodroplasia
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a form of dwarfism in which the head develops normally but legs and arms are short
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Homologous Chromosome
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-carries genes controlling the same inherited characters
-23 pairs in humans |
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Turners Syndrome
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-missing X chromosome
-develop into females |
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Sister Chromatids
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-each chromosome consists of two copies
-contain identical gene |
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Centromere
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-this is where the sister chromatids are attached
-"the waist" -the spindle microtubules grow from structures within the cytoplasm |
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The Cell Cycle
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-the sequence of events from when the cell is formed from a dividing parent cell
-most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase -interphase lasts for about 90% of the cell cycle -chromosome duplication when this happens is called "s" phase |
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The Cell Cycle
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mitotic-(M) phase (when the cell is actually dividing)
mitosis- divide and are evenly distributed, forming 2 daughter nuclei |
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Cytokinesis
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cytoplasm divided in two
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Mitotic Spindle
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-football shaped structure
-guides the separation of the 2 sets of daughter chromosomes |
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Cell Plate
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-membranous disk
-vesicles fuse |
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Cleavage Furrow
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indentation at equator of cell
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Cancer/Treatments
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-every 5 people in the US
-cells don't respond normally to cell cycle -radiation (burn) -chemotherapy (poison) |
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Somatic
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-46 chromosomes
-typical body cell -in humans -karyotype duplicated |
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Autosomes
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the remaining chromosomes found in both males and females
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Alleles
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Alternate version of a gene
dominate-determines organism appearance recessive-no noticeable effect on organisms appearance |
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Difference between mitosis and meiosis
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-notice that all the events unique to meiosis occur during meiosis 1
-meiosis 2 is virtually identical to mitosis in that is separates sister chromatids |
