Biology 110: Chapters 8 & 9

Front 1

2 types of cell division

Back 1

mitosis and meiosis

Front 2

cells are rapidly

Back 2

dying and being replaced

Front 3

cell division

Back 3

produces a continuous supply of replacement cells

Front 4

fertilized egg

Back 4

zygote

Front 5

zygote divides by

Back 5

mitosis

Front 6

gametes are

Back 6

sperm and egg cells

sexual reproduction cells

Front 7

gametes are

Back 7

haploid

Front 8

zygotes

Back 8

combination of 2 haploid so diploid

Front 9

produce sex cells by

Back 9

meiosis

Front 10

sex cells or gametes or sprem and egg are produced by

Back 10

meiosis

Front 11

sex cells combine at

Back 11

fertilization

Front 12

mitosis cell division roles

Back 12

- allow an organism to grow and develop

- repairs tissues

- regenerates lost body parts

Front 13

some organisms reproduce aesexually by

Back 13

mitosis

Front 14

apoptosis

Back 14

cell death

-carves out distinctive traits

Front 15

this carves out distinctive traits

Back 15

apoptosis

Front 16

webbed feet vs non webbed feet is an example of

Back 16

apoptosis

Front 17

when a zygote divides it is using

Back 17

mitotic cell division

Front 18

meiosis produces gametes, gametes bind at fertilization to produce zygote, zygote divides by mitosis into fetus

Back 18

meiosis, mitosis, and fertilizaiton in the human reproduction cycle

Front 19

mitotic cell division generates

Back 19

exact copies

Front 20

_______ generates exact copies

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mitotic

Front 21

cell cycle

Back 21

describes the events that occur in one round of cell division

Front 22

____describes the events that occur in one round of cell division

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cell cycle

Front 23

in interphase

Back 23

cell replicates its dna and carries out many functions unrelated to cell division

-is part of cell cycle, but is NOT part of mitosis

Front 24

_______ is part of cell cycle, but NOT part of mitosis

Back 24

interphase

Front 25

cell replicates its dna and carries out many functions not relating to cell division in

Back 25

interphase

Front 26

g1 of interphase is

Back 26

cell growth

Front 27

s phase of interphase is

Back 27

synthesize dna

Front 28

g2 phase of interphase is

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more growth and preparation of mitosis

Front 29

mitosis is the

Back 29

division of the nucleus

Front 30

division of the nucleus

Back 30

mitosis

Front 31

divisison of the cell itself is

Back 31

cytokinesis

Front 32

cytokinses

Back 32

division of the cell itself

Front 33

chromosomes divide during

Back 33

mitosis

Front 34

in mitosis

Back 34

chromosomes divide

Front 35

mitsosis stages

Back 35

early prophase

late prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis

Front 36

early prophase

Back 36

chromosomes condense and become more visible

-spindle forms as centrosomes begin to move to opposite sides of the cell

Front 37

in this stage of mitosis chromosomes condense and become more visible

Back 37

early prophase

Front 38

in this stage of mitosis spindle forms as centromeres begin to move to opposite sides of the cell

Back 38

early prophase

Front 39

late prophase

Back 39

nuclear envelope breaks up

spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

Front 40

in this stage of mitosis nuclear envelope breaks up

Back 40

late prophase

Front 41

in this stage of mitosis spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

Back 41

late prophase

Front 42

metaphase

Back 42

chromosomes align along center of the cell

Front 43

in this stage of mitosis chromosomes align along center of the cell

Back 43

metaphase

Front 44

anaphase

Back 44

centromeres split as sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Front 45

in this stage of mitosis centromeres split and sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Back 45

anaphase

Front 46

telophase

Back 46

nuclear envolope and nucleolus form at each pole

-chromosomes decondense

-spindle dissapears

Front 47

in this stage of mitosis nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at each pol

Back 47

telophase

Front 48

in this stage of mitosis chromosomes decondense

Back 48

telophase

Front 49

in this stage of mitosis the spindle dissappears

Back 49

telophase

Front 50

cytokinesis

Back 50

division of the cytoplasm into two cells

Front 51

in this stage of mitosis the division of the cytoplasm into two cells occurs

Back 51

cytokinesis

Front 52

in an animal cell the first sign of cytokinesis is the

Back 52

cleavage furrow

Front 53

cleavage furrow

Back 53

first sign of cytokinses in animal cell

-deepens as the ring of proteins beneath the cell membrane contracts

-shown on outside of cell

Front 54

contractile ring

Back 54

is in insde of cell

Front 55

when mitosis may occur without cytokinesis

Back 55

nuclei never enter interphase

Front 56

know the stages of mitosis

Back 56

ok

Front 57

cancer arises when cells

Back 57

divide out of control

Front 58

chemical checkpoints

Back 58

regulate the cell cycle

Front 59

regulates the cell cycle

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chemical checkpoints

Front 60

tumor is an

Back 60

abnormal mass of tissue

Front 61

cells of a _____ divide out of control

Back 61

tumor

Front 62

tumors are either

Back 62

benign or malignant

Front 63

benign

Back 63

sterol

non harmful

Front 64

malignant

Back 64

these cells can seed new tumors throughout the body

Front 65

sheath of connective tissue keeps tumor from spreading in

Back 65

benign cells

Front 66

genes and enviornment

Back 66

increase cancer risk

Front 67

reproduction occurs in

Back 67

asexual and sexual

Front 68

asexual reproduction

Back 68

-genetically identical offspring

-replicates dna and splits contents of one cell into two

Front 69

sexual reproduction

Back 69

-two parents

-genetically different

-genetic diversity

Front 70

sex is costly because

Back 70

attracting a mate and producing sex cells is costly

Front 71

diploid cells contain

Back 71

two homologous pairs of chromosomes

Front 72

these contain two homologous pairs of chromosomes

Back 72

diploid cells

Front 73

most cells in sexually reproducint organisms have

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two sets of chromosomes -father and mother

Front 74

humans have __ chromosomes

Back 74

46

Front 75

cells that contain two sets of chromosomes are called

Back 75

diploid

Front 76

the numered chromosomes which are the same for both sexes are

Back 76

autosomes

Front 77

autosomes

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are numbered chromosomes

-are the same for both sexes

Front 78

chromosomes denoted by a letter are

Back 78

sex chromosomes

Front 79

xx xy or intersex

Back 79

intersex

xxy

xo

Front 80

all autsomes are paired with

Back 80

equally sized chromosomes

Front 81

y is smaller than

Back 81

x

Front 82

chromosomes of a homologous pair

Back 82

look alike and carry out the same sequence of genes for the same trait

Front 83

_______ look alike and carry out the same sequence of genes for the same trait

Back 83

chromosomes of a homologous pair

Front 84

sister chromatids

Back 84

half the x from mom or dad

Front 85

homologous pair

Back 85

both x's or both chromosomes

-mom and dad

Front 86

members of a homologous pair may carry different

Back 86

alleles

Front 87

alleles are same location along

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sister chromatids

Front 88

meiosis produces

Back 88

gametes

Front 89

gametes are

Back 89

haploid cells

Front 90

haploid cell has

Back 90

only one set of chromosomes

Front 91

has one set of chromosomes

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haploid

Front 92

when two haploid cells fuse at fertilization

Back 92

a diploid cell called a zygote forms

Front 93

the first cell of a new organism

Back 93

zygote

Front 94

the organism grows by ______ cell divisision

Back 94

mitotic

Front 95

during gamete formation, specialized diploid cells(germ cells) divide by

Back 95

meiosis

Front 96

germ cells

Back 96

specialized diploid cells

-divide by meiosis

Front 97

in ______, dna replicates once, but nucleus divides twice

Back 97

meiosis

Front 98

meiosis

Back 98

dna replicates once but nucleus divides twice

Front 99

product of meiosis is

Back 99

two unpaired, unreplicated chromosomes per cell

Front 100

meiosis stages

Back 100

prophase 1 early and late, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, cytokinesis1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis 2

Front 101

in prophase 1 early of meiosis

Back 101

chromosomes dense and become more visible

Front 102

chromosomes dense and become more visible during this

Back 102

prophase 1 early of meiosis

Front 103

prophase 1 late

Back 103

crossing over occurs

-spindle forms

-nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 104

during this phase of meiosis crossing over occurs

Back 104

prophase 1 late

Front 105

prophase 2 in meiosis

Back 105

spindle forms an nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 106

telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1 in meiosis

Back 106

nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes which may temporarily dencondense

Front 107

telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2 in meiosis

Back 107

nuclear envelope assembles around daughter nuclei

Front 108

in this stage of meiosis nuclear envelope assembles around the daughter nuclei

Back 108

telophase and cytokinesis 2

Front 109

in this stage of meiosis nuclear envelope forms around chromsomes

Back 109

telophase and cytokinesis 1

Front 110

meiosis produces

Back 110

4 haploid daughter cells

Front 111

mitosis produces

Back 111

2 diploid cells

Front 112

________ generates variability

Back 112

meiosis

Front 113

gametes produced in meiosis are different from one another because

Back 113

crossing over (prophase 1)

and

independent assortment (metaphase 1)

Front 114

metaphase 1

Back 114

stacked

Front 115

cross over

Back 115

two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase 1

Front 116

two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase 1

Back 116

cross over

Front 117

site of cross over is

Back 117

where they hold hands

Front 118

independent assortment

Back 118

chromosome pairs align randomly in metaphase 1

Front 119

color changing chromsome pairs is an example of

Back 119

independent assortment

Front 120

2 to the power of how many chromosomes yields

Back 120

possibile gametes

Front 121

monozygotic (identical) twins

Back 121

1 zygote that split into two embryos

-each embryo then develops independently

Front 122

when 1 zygote splits into 2 embryos it is

Back 122

monozygotic or identical twins

Front 123

dizygotic or fraternal twins are a

Back 123

testiment to the variation among gametes

Front 124

two sperm cells fertilize two egg cells in

Back 124

dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Front 125

dizygotic

Back 125

fraternal

Front 126

monozygotic

Back 126

identical

Front 127

meiosis occurs in

Back 127

germ cells

Front 128

mitosis occurs in

Back 128

body cells

Front 129

germ cells are produced by

Back 129

meiosis

Front 130

body cells are produced by

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mitosis

Front 131

mitosis has

Back 131

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 132

meiois has

Back 132

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

TWICE

Front 133

this has the steps twice

Back 133

meiosis

Front 134

cytokinesis occurs once in

Back 134

mitosis

Front 135

cytokinesis occurs twice in

Back 135

meiosis

Front 136

daughter cells have the same chromosome number as the parent cell in

Back 136

mitosis

Front 137

chromosome number is halved in

Back 137

meiosis

Front 138

mitosis produces

Back 138

diploid cells

Front 139

meiosis produces

Back 139

haploid cells

Front 140

homologous chromosome pairing allows for crossing over which occurs in

Back 140

meiosis

Front 141

crossing over does not occur in

Back 141

mitosis

Front 142

what ways are meiosis and mitosis different

Back 142

make a t chart on paper

Front 143

dna replicates during the ______ in the cell cycle

Back 143

s phase

Front 144

steps of mitosis

Back 144

pro, meta, ana, telo, cyto

ONCE

Front 145

products of mitosis

Back 145

2 diploid cells

somatic cells

Front 146

somatic cells

Back 146

all cells except sperm and egg

Front 147

meiosis produces

Back 147

4 haploid cells

germ cells

Front 148

roles of mitosis

Back 148

to grow, redevelop ligments, repair tissue

Front 149

in meiosis

Back 149

all phases TWICE

-anaphase 1 is crossing over

-metaphase 2 is independent assortment

Front 150

differences and similiarites of mitois and meiosis

Back 150

make venn diagram

Front 151

what are homologous chromosomes

Back 151

one x

-composed of 2 sister chromatids

- get two homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)

Front 152

differences and similarities between sexual and asexual reproduction

Back 152

make venn diagram