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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An organism create polymers of multiple "building blocks" subunit molecules through what process?
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Condensation
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An organism uses this to depolymerize, where the bond between two monomers are broken. In this way, broken down monomers can be re-used
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Hydrolysis
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What acid can be found in the cell walls of gram positive cells?
What do they prevent |
Teichoic acids cause large negative charge inside, making it difficult for charged molecules to cross.
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What are the three exotoxins excreted by B. anthracis?
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1. Lethal Factor (LF)
2. Edema Factor (EF) 3. Proactive Antigen (PA) |
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Is E-coli capable of vertical or horizontal gene transfer?
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Both!!! Vertical gene transfer - Binary Fission, horizontal gene transfer - conjugation
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What happens in E-coli conjugation?
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A donor cell sends out a pilus that reels in the recipient cell, then it perforates a pore in the rec. cell and transfers some DNA into in in the form of a plasmid.
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What are some characteristics of a good "Molecular Clock"?
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A gene should:
1. Have the same function in all organisms 2. Similar Generation Time (a organism that mutates faster would accumulate more mutations) 3. Constant Mutation Rate |
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What are the two forms of motility of M. xanthus?
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Adventurous (A) and Social (S)
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What are the 3 types of transporters called?
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Uniporters, Symporters and Antiporters
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If a molecule is being transfered against the gradient, what type of transport is needed?
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Active Transport
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If a molecule is being transferred with the gradient, what kind of transport can be used?
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Passive Transport
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When analyzing DNA sequence, how can you determine how related something is?
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Less mutations, more related,
More mutations, less related |
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How can you calculate resolution? What is the equation?
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Resolution = 0.61 / n sin theta where
n = refractive index of the medium n=1 for air theta = ½ angle of rays collected by objective lens |
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To improve resolution what should be greater
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The angle of refraction, since the angle is in the denomenator, the larger the angle the smaller the resolution will be. Smaller resolution means you can see smaller objects. Also, smaller wavelengths produce better resolution.
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What occurs in cyclic photophosphorylation? (like in C vinosum)
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energy is produced by the recycling of electrons for ATP production. No net loss or gain of electrons.
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Would E. coli that lacked CheZ be able to Chemotax toward an attractant?
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No, Che Z dephosphorylates CheY. Phosphorylated Chey Y causes tumbling, so the cell would not be able to run towards attractant.
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Phosphorylated Che A causes tumbles or runs? How When Che A is phosphorylated, does that mean that there is or isnt' an attractant
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Phosphorylated Che-A is active in the absense of an attractant, it phosphorylates Che Y which interacts with the flagellar motor causing clockwise tumbles
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When is Che-Z active?
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Che-Z is always active, it is always de-phosphorylating Che-YP which causes counter clockwise Runs, when Che-A is inactivated, then Che Z wins out and the runs are longer because Che-A is no longer phosphoylating Che-Y and causing tumbles so organism moves more effectively towards an attractant
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How does hyphomicrobium facillis grow?
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Grows in preparation for cell division, Grows by hyphal extension
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how does H facillis reproduce
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budding from hypha
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Is a phylogenetic tree a good way of explaining how e-coli can all of a sudden become pathogenic? Why or Why not?
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No, p. trees are good at demonstrating vertical gene transfer. A better way to explain how e-coli become pathogenic all of a sudden is possibly through horizonal gene transfer where a piece of DNA is transfered from one cell to the other.
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A good molecular clock has
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Genes with:
1. Same Function 2. Similary Generation Time 3. Mutation rate is the same |
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Phylogenetic Trees that are rooted show:
Unrooted show: |
relative relatedness and evolutionary path.
Unrooted show r.r. but not e.p |
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Phylogram includes
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Nodes - Internal are extinct ancestor, External, current species
Branches- define order of decent, length is equiv. to number of mutations Clades - group that shares common ancestor, branches into smaller clades |
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Phylogram includes
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Nodes - Internal are extinct ancestor, External, current species
Branches- define order of decent, length is equiv. to number of mutations Clades - group that shares common ancestor, branches into smaller clades |
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What does the Tar receptor bind
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aspartate, maltose, cobalt and nickel
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In bacillus anthracis, what are the two CO2 responsive transcription factors that control toxin production and capsule formation?
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AcpA
AtxA |
