Brain Damage And Neuroplasticity

Front 1

What are the sources of brain damage?

Back 1

-brain tumors
-cerebrovascular disorders
-infections of the CNS
-Neuropsychological Diseases
-Contusions
-Genetic Syndromes

Front 2

glial tumors

Back 2

glial tumors are a type of brain tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain; glial tumors are 40% of brain tumors

Front 3

meningiomas

Back 3

meningiomas are tumors between the meninges that are often encapsulated and benign (20% of brain tumors are meningiomas)

Front 4

metasteses

Back 4

metastestes are cancer cells that come from other organs, such as thee lungs, skin, etc. (20% of brain tumors are metastestes)

Front 5

cerebral hemorrhage

Back 5

A CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE is a cerebro-vascular disorder (stroke) that is characterized by bleeding in the brain and may be caused by a ruptured aneurysm.(15% of cerebro-vascular disorders are cerebral hemorrhages)

Front 6

cerebral ischemia

Back 6

CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
-cerebro-vascular disorder (stroke)
-caused by disruption of blood supply
-may be caused by a clogged blood vessel
-85% of cerebro-vascular disorders are cerebral ischemias (compared to the 15% that are cerebral hemorrhages)

Front 7

cerebro-vascular disorders

Back 7

cerebro-vascular disorders- strokes
-cerebral hemorrhage-bleeding in the brain that may be caused by a ruptured aneurysm
-cerebral ischemia- disruption of the blood supply that may be caused by a clogged blood vessel (85%)

Front 8

types of cell death

Back 8

-apoptosis- programmed cell death
-necrosis- sudden, unexpected cell death

Front 9

apoptosis

Back 9

programmed cell death

Front 10

necrosis

Back 10

sudden, unexpected cell death

Front 11

Infections of the CNS

Back 11

-syphilis- bacterial infection
-meningitis- bacterial infection/viral infection
-rabies- viral infection
-herpes- viral infection

Front 12

syphilis

Back 12

syphilis is a bacterial infection of the cns

Front 13

meningitis

Back 13

meningitis is a bacterial/viral infection of the CNS

Front 14

rabies

Back 14

rabies is a viral infection of the CNS

Front 15

herpes

Back 15

herpes is a viral infection of the CNS

Front 16

Neuropsychological Diseases- name them

Back 16

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASES
-Parkinson's disease
-Huntingtin's disease
-Alzheimer's Disease
-Epilepsy
-Multiple Sclerosis

Front 17

What system is Parkinson's disease?

Back 17

Parkinson's disease is a disease of the extra-pyramidal system

Front 18

What system is Huntingtin's Disease?

Back 18

Huntington's Disease is a disease of the extra pyramidal system

Front 19

Parkinson's disease vs. Huntingon's disease: how often do they occur in the population?

Back 19

Parkinson's disease occurs in about 0.5% of the population but Huntington's Disease is much less common than Parkinson's Disease

Front 20

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Back 20

symptoms of parkinson's disease include difficulties initiating voluntary movements, tremor during inactivity, muscle rigidity. Usually no dementia.

Front 21

Symptoms of Huntinton's Disease

Back 21

Huntington's disease symptoms include:
-uncontrolled rapid movements of the limbs
-severe dementia

Front 22

Are their genetic factors in Parkinson's vs Huntington's Diseases?

Back 22

Parkinson's disease has no one genetic factor linked to the disease; Huntington's has a clear genetic cause

Front 23

Treatment for Parkinson's vs. Huntington's Diseases?

Back 23

Parkinson's disease is treated with agonists of the dopamine system; Huntington's disease has no effective treatment

Front 24

What causes Alzhemier's disease?

Back 24

Alzheimer's disease is caused by amyloid plaques (outside neurons) and neurofibrillary tangles (inside neurons)

Front 25

what parts of the brain are most affected in alzheimer's disease?

Back 25

-most affected: amygdala, enterohinal cortex, hippocampus
-less affected: prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, inferior temporal cortex
*Note that THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE IS AFFECTED! The hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures are involved in the formation of new memories.

Front 26

Neuronal and transneuronal degeneration following axotomy

Back 26

NEURAL DEGENERATION
1. axotomy- the axon of the neuron is cut
2. anterograde degeneration- then, the distal portion of the damaged neuron degenerates
3. retrograde degeneration-then, the proximal portion of the damaged neuron may degenerate
4. transneuronal degeneration- then, neurons that synapsed on the damaged neuron may degenerate and so too may neurons on which the damaged neuron synapsed

Front 27

axotomy

Back 27

the axon of a neuron is cut in an axotomy --- this causes neural degeneration (axotomy is followed by anterograde degeneration, retrograde degeneration, & then transneuronal degeneration)

Front 28

anterograde degeneration

Back 28

-anterograde degeneration (2) happens after the axotomy (1)
-in anterograde degeneration, the distal portion of the damaged neuron degenerates
-anterograde degeneration is the second step in neural degeneration (1. axotomy 2. anterograde degeneration 3. retrograde degeneration 4. transneuronal degeneration)

Front 29

retrograde degeneration

Back 29

Retrograde degeneration (3 of 4 steps of neural degeneration)
-the proximal portion of the damaged neuron may degenerate and this is called retrograde degeneration

Front 30

transneuronal degeneration

Back 30

-transneuronal degeneration is the final (4th) step in neural degeneration (1. axotomy 2. anterograde degeneration 3. retrograde degeneration 4. transneuronal degeneration)
-in transneuronal degeneration, the neurons that synapsed on the damaged neuron may degenerate and so too may neurons on which the damaged neuron synapsed

Front 31

Neural Regeneration: by which cells does this happen?

Back 31

Oligodendrocytes (in the CNS): block regeneration
Schwann cells (in the PNS): promote regeneration

Front 32

what happens when a nerve is damaged without severing the schwann cell sheaths?

Back 32

When a nerve is damaged without severing the Schwann Cell scheathes (e.g. crushing) individual axons regenerate to their correct targets

Front 33

what happens when a nerve is damaged and the severed ends of the Schwann cell sheaths are slightly seperated?

Back 33

When a nerve is damaged and the severed ends of the schwann cell sheaths are slightly seperated, individual axons often regenerate up incorrect sheaths

Front 34

what happens when a nerve is damaged and the Schwann cell sheaths are widely seperated?

Back 34

When a nerve is damaged and the Schwann cell sheaths are widely seperated, there is typically no regeneration

Front 35

cells that block regeneration in the CNS

Back 35

Oligodendrocytes block regeneration in the CNS

Front 36

cells that promote regeneration in the PNS

Back 36

Schwann cells promote regeneration in the PNS