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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are characteristic components of plant cells that are concerned with processes such as photosynthesis and storage? |
Plastids |
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Who observed and drew cork, ultimately discovering cells? |
Robert Hooke |
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In what year did Robert Hooke coin the term cell? |
1675 |
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Who are the two scientists who were first to coin the "cell theory"? |
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann |
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Who said that all cells arise from preexisting cells? What prevailing theory of the time did this disprove?
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Rudolph Virchow; Theory of Spontaneous Generation |
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What are all of the parts of the Cell Theory? |
1. All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2. All chemical reactions of living organisms occur in cells. 3. Cells arise from preexisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary information of organisms. |
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Where do all chemical reactions of living organisms take place? |
In cells |
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What are the 3 kinds of microscopes? |
1. Light microscope 2. Transmission electron microscope 3. Scanning electron microscope |
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What are the 3 parts that every cell has? (What might the 4th be?) |
1. Plasma membrane 2. Inheritable information in the form of DNA and RNA 3. Protoplasm (cytosol or cytoplasm) 4. Ribosomes |
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What are 2 names for protoplasm? |
Cytoplasm Cytosol |
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What is the largest organelle in any cell? |
Plasma membrane |
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What do all cells have in common? |
Plasma Membrane Inheritable information in the form of DNA and RNA Protoplasm |
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This is the regulatory mechanism that determines what goes in and out of a cell |
Plasma Membrane |
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What surrounds the nucleus? |
Nuclear membrane |
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What has large pores that the nucleus can regulate? |
Nuclear Envelope |
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What is the inherited material in uncondensed form? |
Chromatin |
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What is the 2nd largest organelle in the cell? |
Nucleus |
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What 3 organelles have a double membrane system? |
Plastids Nucleus |
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Where do you find plastid-membrane bound structures? |
In a plant cell |
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What's the purpose of a chloroplast? |
Photosynthesis |
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What are chloroplasts made of? |
Thylakoids |
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What are stacks of thylakoids called? |
Granum |
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What are the 2 parts of a thylakoid? |
Granum Stroma |
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Where do you get the light reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid? |
Granum |
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What part of the thylakoid takes light energy and carbon dioxide and makes organic molecules? |
Stroma |
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What are the light-independent reactions called? |
Calvin Cycle |
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What dictates the ecosystem? |
Plants!!! |
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This type of plastid is found in plants that have colored pigments |
Chromoplast |
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This plastid holds starch grains for energy |
Leucoplast |
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Do mitochondria and chloroplasts both have DNA? |
Yes |
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What kind of DNA do mitochondria and chloroplasts have? |
Single, circular chromosome |
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What type of ribosomes do mitochondria and chloroplasts have? |
70s |
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Why do plant cells have mitochondria? |
Because of cellular respiration |
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What are single membraned organelles that take a by-product of cellular metabolism? (They take hydrogen peroxide and oxidize it, and get rid of it? |
Peroxisomes |
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These are large, membranous organelles in plant cells? |
Vacuoles |
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What is the membrane of a vacuole called? |
Tonoplast |
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What is the central vacuole used for? |
To store water, proteins, amino acids, and salts |
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What stores proteins, water, amino acids, and salts in plant cells? |
Central Vacuole |
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What is a calcium oxalate defensive tool against herbivores? |
Druse crystals |
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What are the elongated, needle-like structures made of calcium oxalate? |
Raphide Crystal |
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Do plants have excretory systems? |
No |
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Where do plants store their wastes? |
Vacuoles |
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Are oil bodies true organelles? |
No |
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This is a collection of oil that plants produce |
Oil bodies |
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What is the energy storage materials for plants? |
Oil bodies |
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What organelle is involved in protein synthesis? |
Ribosomes |
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What are the 2 types of ribosomes? |
Free ribosomes |
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This type of ribosome attaches to messenger RNA |
Free ribosome |
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This type of ribosome attaches to membrane structure and endoplasmic reticulum |
Bound ribosomes |
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This type of plastic is a pre-plastid that happens when a plant starts to germinate and doesn't get enough light. |
Etioplast |
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This the thought that the chloroplast and the mitochondria developed as separate organelles. |
Endosymbiotic Theory |
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Do cell walls allow for phagocytosis? |
No |
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This is the region in plants where you have mitotic division |
Apical Meristems |
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What are the two types of cells in the apical meristem? |
Initials Derivatives |
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These cells in the apical meristem continuously divide |
Initials |
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These cells in the apical meristem come from the initial and are transformed in to a mature and specific cell type |
Derivatives |
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What are the 3 primary meristems that the apical meristem gives rise to? |
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium |
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What is the precursor the epidermis in plants? |
Protoderm |
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What does the protoderm give rise to? |
Endoderm |
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What gives rise to the ground tissues? |
Ground meristem |
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These are what arises from the ground meristem |
Ground tissues |
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What are the ground tissues, specifically? |
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma |
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What does the procambium give rise to? |
The xylem and phloem |
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What does the xylem transport? |
Water |
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What does the phloem transport? |
Photosynthate |
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These types of tissues in plants are composed of 1 cell type (overall) |
Simple tissues |
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What are the 3 kinds of simple tissue in plants? |
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma |
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These tissues in plants are composed of 2 or more cell types (overall) |
Complex tissues |
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What are the 2 types of complex tissues in plants? |
Phloem Xylem |
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In plants, these are a group of tissues organized in to a structural and functional unit |
Tissue systems |
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What are the 3 tissue systems in plants? |
Ground tissue Vascular tissue Dermal tissue |
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What kind of cells is parenchyma made out of? |
Parenchyma cells |
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What is the most common cell type in plants? |
Parenchyma |
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Are parenchyma cells capable of cell division? |
Yes |
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Typically, what kind of cells walls does parenchyma usually only have?
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Primary cell walls |
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What kind of protoplast do parenchyma cells have? |
A living protoplast at maturity |
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These cells in plants are involved in photosynthesis, storage, secretion, and other activities |
Parenchyma |
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What kind of cells is collenchyma tissue made out of? |
Collenchyma cells |
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These cells occur in strands (often like the veins in the edict of leaves) |
Collenchyma cells |
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These cells have uneven thickening of their primary cell walls |
Collenchyma |
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What kind of protoplast at maturity does collenchyma have? |
A living one |
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These simple tissues function to support young growing structures because their walls readily stretch |
Collenchyma |
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What kind of cells is sclerenchyma tissue composed of? |
Schlerenchyma cells |
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These simple tissues have thick secondary cell walls, often lignified |
Sclerenchyma |
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What kind of a protoplast at maturity does sclerenchyma have? |
A dead protoplast |
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The function of this simple tissue is to support and strengthen mature tissues that have stopped elongating |
Sclerenchyma |
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What are the 2 cells of sclerenchyma? |
Fiber Sclereids |
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These are long, slender cells with tapered ends found in Sclerenchyma tissue |
Fiber |
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These are short cells with variable length that are often branched |
Sclereids |
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What kind of benefit do sclereids and fibers give sclerenchyma tissue?
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They increase mechanical strength |
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Where do you find an abundance of sclerenchyma tissue? |
Seed coats
Shells of nuts leaves stone fruits giving pears their grittiness |
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Is the Xylem a cell type of a tissue?
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A tissue |
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This is the principle water conducting tissue that also conducts minerals in support of plants |
Xylem |
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Do most of the cells in the Xylem have secondary cell walls? |
Yes |
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Do Xylem cells lack a protoplast at maturity? |
Yes |
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What are the simple units of the Tracheary elements? The complex units? |
Tracheids Vessels |
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These are long, tapered cells that have a secondary cell wall and may also have pits that function in the support of plant tissue and in some water transport |
Tracheids |
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Are tracheids found in all vascular plants? |
Yes |
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What are the functions of tracheids? |
Supporting plant tissue and some water transport |
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What is the most important cell type in plants? |
Vessel elements |
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These are shorter cells, have pits side the walls and perforation plates |
Vessel Elements |
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Are vessel elements alive or dead at maturity? |
Dead at maturity |
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What is the main water conducting cells in angiosperms |
Vessel elements |
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What Phylum do Angiosperms belong to? |
Phylum Anthophyta |
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What are the joined vessel elements that form long tubes called? |
Vessels |
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What are the 2 kinds of perforation plates? Which is more advanced? |
Simple and Scalariform Simple |
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What are these: Annular Helical Double Helical Scalariform |
Secondary cell wall patterns |
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This type of secondary cell wall pattern is used for growing tissues |
Annular |
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This type of secondary cell wall pattern is used for older tissues |
Scalariform |
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What are the first elements to differentiate? |
Secondary cell walls |
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What are seen on the sides of cell walls? |
Pits |
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What are the two types of pits on cell walls? |
Simple pits and bordered pits |
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What are some other cells found in the xylem? |
Parenchyma Sclereids |
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What is the parenchyma in the xylem primarily used for? |
Lateral water transfer and some storage |
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Fill this in |
Filled in |
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What is the principle photosynthate conducting tissue? |
Phloem |
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What are kind of cell walls does the phloem usually have? |
Primary cell walls and cells that are typically alive |
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What does the phloem consist of? |
Sieve elements and other cells |
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What is the purpose of the phloem, usually? |
To make sucrose |
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Do the cells of the phloem live during maturity? |
Yes |
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What do gymnosperms and angiosperms both produce?
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Seeds |
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What are the 2 kinds of sieve elements? |
Sieve Cells Sieve tube members |
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These have narrower pores and the sieve areas are uniform. They are longer and narrower than other sieve elements. Found only in gymnosperms |
Sieve Cells |
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What kind of sieve elements are found only in gymnosperms? |
Sieve cells |
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These have larger pores and sieve plates on the ends of cells. They are shorter than sieve cells and join together to form sieve tubes. Found only in angiosperms |
Sieve tube members |
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What kind of sieve elements are found only in angiosperms? |
Sieve tube members |
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Are sieve elements living at maturity?
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Yes |
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Do sieve elements lack nuclei and most other organelles? What are the parts that they possess? |
Yes Cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm |
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What is most of the volume of the sieve elements made up of? |
Central Vacuole |
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This is associated with both sieve elements and is a carbohydrate polysaccharaide |
Callose |
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This occurs when the plant is injured, where polysaccharaides are released to seal up a wound. |
Wound callose |
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These are little pores found on the top and bottom of cell forms that connect the cells |
Definitive Callose |
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These are made up of protein and react like wound callose to plug up the tissue holes. |
P-protein |
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Where are these other cells found? Companion cell Albuminous cell Parenchyma cell Fibers and sclereids |
Phloem |
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This cell, found in the phloem, controls the sieve tube member in angiosperms |
Companion Cell |
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This cell, found in the phloem, controls the function of sieve cells in gymnosperms |
Albuminous cell |
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This originates from the same mother cell as the sieve tube member it controls |
Companion Cell |
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This originates from a different mother cell than the sieve cells |
Albuminous cell |
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In the phloem, these mostly perform as storage of materials
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Parenchyma cells |
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Are there mostly fibers or sclereids in the phloem? |
Fibers |
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What are the 2 parts of the dermal tissue system? |
Epidermis Periderm |
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This is the primary growth found in all plant parts |
Epidermis |
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This is the secondary growth of the dermal tissue system |
Periderm |
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This covers the primary body of the plant |
Epidermis |
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What kind of cells is the epidermis made out of? |
Parenchyma cells |
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What is the name of the waxy material released to the outside of the cell wall? |
Cuticle |
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How many cells thick is the epidermis, usually? |
1 cell layer thick |
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Do epidermal cells have chloroplasts?
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No |
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These are specialized parenchyma cells that open and close the stomata. They also have chloroplasts |
Guard cells |
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These are adjacent to the guard cells found in monocots |
Subsidiary cells |
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These are found on the leaf or stem and used as a defensive structure as well as for shading the leaf |
Trichomes |
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What is the purpose of trichomes? |
Defense and shading from the sun |
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What makes up the bulk of tissue found in young plants? |
Ground/fundamental tissue |
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What kind of cells is the pith made up of? |
Parenchyma cells |
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What kind of cells is the cortex made out of? |
Collenchyma cells |
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What is the primary function of the ground tissues in plants? |
Storage |
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What are the functions of the roots? 1. _______ materials 2. ________ to soil substrate 3. Absorption of _______ and minerals 4. St_rage |
1.Transporting 2. Anchorage 3. water 4. Storage |
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Where do the tap roots develop from? |
From the primary root |
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These are the first roots to develop from germinated seeds |
Primary root system |
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These kind of roots develop from unicots (flowering plants) |
Tap roots |
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These are a single main root coming down from the plant body |
Primary root system |
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What kind of root systems are found primarily in monocots that don't go down very far? |
Fibrous root system |
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These roots develop from the stem and are not part of the original root system |
Adventitious roots |
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The function of this part of the root is to protect the apical meristem |
Root cap |
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What kind of root system do eudicots have?
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Taproot system |
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What happens in the apical meristem? |
Cells are actively dividing |
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This is the zone in the apical meristem where cells are dividing mitotically |
Zone of cell division |
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This is the zone where cells are increasing in cytoplasm with very little differentiation |
Zone of elongation |
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This is the zone of the root where cells begin to differentiate? |
Zone of maturation |
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What's another name for the zone of Maturation in the root? |
Root hair zone |
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This is the region around the outside of the root from the root area to root tip where a polysaccharide is released to invite bacteria and fungi for symbiosis |
Rhizosphere |
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What are extensions of the epidermis and absorb water and nutrients for the roots? |
Root hairs |
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How long do most root hairs last? |
Only 8 hours |
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What are the functions of root hairs? |
Absorption of water and nutrients |
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What are the 3 things derived from the primary meristem? |
Protoderm Procambium Ground Meristem |
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In the root, what does the protoderm become? |
Epidermis |
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In the root, what does the procambium become? |
The vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) |
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What is derived from the ground meristem? |
Cortex |
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What is the innermost layer of the cortex? |
Endodermis |
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This regulates water movement in to vascular tissues |
Endodermis and casparian strip |
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This is a term used for vascular tissue |
Stele
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What is the outermost layer of the stele? |
Pericycle |
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The function of this part of the stele is to remain undifferentiated tissue and produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
Pericycle |
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What are the 3 parts of the Stele? |
Pericycle Primary xylem Primary phloem |
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What are triarchs, tetrarchs, pentarchs, and polyarchs? |
Arms of the xylem in the root |
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These are the cells of the xylem that have differentiated first? |
Protoxylem |
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These kind of roots have alternate bundles of xylem and phloem with a pitch |
Monocot roots |
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What is the pith in the monocot roots used for?
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Storage |
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What is the key function of the casparian strip? |
Regulating water |
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How does the casparian strip regulate water? |
They force water to move through the endoderm, not between the cells in to the vessel elements |
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Water movement in the roots: Occurs primary in the younger roots, ___ through the root hairs, moves through the ____ and then the endodermis and in to the ____ (vessels of xylem) and then from the xylem in to the ____ and finally out through the leaves |
absorbed, cortex, stele, stem |
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This is the process of moving water from the ground to the atmosphere |
Transpiration |
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What are the 3 types of possible pathways for water?
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Apoplastic Symplastic Transcellular |
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How does water move in an apoplastic pathway? |
Through cell walls |
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How does water move in a symplastic pathway? |
From protoplast to protoplast |
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How does water move in a transcellular pathway? |
From cell to cell, vacuole to vacuole |
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Where do most later roots originate from? |
The pericycle |
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These kind of roots develop from within (endogenous) the preexisting root |
Lateral roots |
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Where is the root primordium, or the embryonic root, produced? |
The pericycle |
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These are roots that develop from the plant stem? |
Adventitious roots |
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These are roots that prop up the plant and are only found at the base? |
Prop roots |
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These kind of roots are common in mangroves and function to get oxygen down to the other roots in the soil and underwater |
Pneumatophores |
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These are modifications of roots that help support the plant in shallow soil |
Buttress roots |
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This is the thick epidermal layer in roots that's main function is to hold water |
Velamen |
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What is an adaptation in roots for food storage? |
Fleshy roots |
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What is the aerial portion of the plant? |
Shoot |
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Where does most or all of the photosynthesis in the plant occur? |
Shoot |
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This is the location on the shoot in which stem appendages come off |
Node |
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This is the space between nodes on the shoot, where nothing is found |
Internode |
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This is where the apical meristem on the shoot is found |
Shoot tip |
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These are embryonic branches/stems |
Buds |
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This functions to support the plant, where the photosynthetic structures and reproductive organs are found. It also conducts water and photosynthate |
Shoot |
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These are flattened, modified stems used for photosynthesis |
Leaves |
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What are the parts of the shoot?
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Nodes Internodes Axillary buds Leaves |
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What does the apical meristem on the shoot give rise to? |
Primary meristems |
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What do the primary meristems give rise to on the shoot? |
Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
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This is the embryonic leaf that hasn't differentiated yet |
Leaf primordium |
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This is a bud that hasn't differentiated yet |
Bud primordium |
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These are the names of the vascular tissues going from the stem in to the leaf |
Leaf trace |
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This is the gap in vascular tissues made of parenchyma cells and lacking in vascular tissues |
Leaf trace gap |
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This is the organization of the vegetative shoot apical meristem that most flowering plants have |
Tunica-corpus |
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What kind of division does the tunica have?
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Anticlinal division |
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What kind of division of the tunica-corpus can be described as: cells divide perpendicular to the surface of the meristem? |
Anticlinal division |
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What kind of division does the corpus have? |
Periclinal division |
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What kind of division of the tunica-corpus can be described as: cells divide parallel to the apical surface? |
Periclinal division |
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Do all plants have a tunica-corpus arrangement of the apical meristem? |
No |
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What are some examples of plants that don't have a tunica-corpus arrangement?
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Fern allies and ferns |
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What are the two types of meristems? |
Apical meristem and lateral meristem |
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This meristem gives rise to the primary growth of the plant |
Apical meristem |
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These meristems give rise to secondary growth in plants |
Lateral meristems |
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What kind of meristem do only monocots have? |
Intercalary meristems |
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What kind of stem arrangement do most eudicots? |
Discrete arrangement |
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What kind of stem arrangement do most monocots have? |
Scattered arrangement |
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What kind of stem arrangement does Cucurbita have? |
Continous |
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What are the 3 types of stem arrangements?
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Continuous Discrete Scattered |
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This is the vascular tissue from the stem to the basal portion of the leaf |
Leaf trace |
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These are the photosynthetic, flattened part of the stem |
Leaf |
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These are similar to the leaf trace, with vascular tissues going from the stem of the plant in to the branch |
Branch trace |
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This is the area where no vascular tissues reside and only has parenchyma |
Leaf trace gap |
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These have no primary xylem/phloem and are made up of parenchyma in the branch |
Branch trace gap |
