Botany Test 3

Front 1

Gravel

Back 1

76 mm - 2.0 mm

Front 2

Sand

Back 2

2.0 mm - 0.05 mm

Front 3

Silt

Back 3

0.05 mm - 0.002 mm

Front 4

Clay

Back 4

< 0.002 mm

Front 5

Best agricultural soil is?

Back 5

Loam

Front 6

Composition of Loam...

Back 6

roughly silt (40%)
sand (40%)
clay (20%)
No Rocks!

Front 7

How do nutrients enter plants?

Back 7

Via the soil

Front 8

Methods by which minerals travel into plants

Back 8

 Osmosis / Transpiration
 Active transport

Front 9

Essential Elements...how many are considered essential?

Back 9

Only 17

Front 10

Criteria to be essential

Back 10

 Complete life cycle
 Part of essential molecule
 Show deficiency symptoms in absence

Front 11

deficiency symptoms

Back 11

Chlorosis Wilting Tips, Margins, interveinal Necrosis Stunting Roots or Leaves
Curling

Front 12

Macronutrients:

Back 12

 100mg per kg of dry weight of plant
 >0.5% of dry weight of plant
 Nine elements
H,C,O = 6-45% dry tissue!

Front 13

Name all nine macronutrients

Back 13

Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
 Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)

Front 14

Micronutrients:

Back 14

< 100mg per kg of dry weight of plant < 0.5% of dry weight of plant
 Eight elements (7-9)

Front 15

name 8 of the micronutrients

Back 15

 Manganese (Mn)
 Chlorine (Cl)
 Copper (Cu)
 Nickel (Ni)
 Iron (Fe)
 Zinc (Zn)
 Boron (B)
 Molybdenum (Mo)

Front 16

Mobility of Elements
Mobile = moved easily through plant

Back 16

 Mostly transported by xylem, some phloem
 Mg,P,K,N
 If deficient, symptoms appear where?

Front 17

mmobile = Not moved easily in plants

Back 17

 B, Fe, Ca
 If deficient, symptoms appear where?

Front 18

where do elements not labeled as mobile, or immobile fall under

Back 18

Rest of the elements lie somewhere in between with mobility

Front 19

•Parts of cell structures / cell physiology:Calcium

Back 19

Cell walls, membrane permeability

Front 20

Parts of cell structures / cell physiology:Potassium

Back 20

osmosis, opening / closing stomata

Front 21

Parts of necessary molecules:Sulfur

Back 21

Amino acids, disulfide bonds

Front 22

Parts of necessary molecules: Phosphorus

Back 22

ATP, ADP, Nucleic Acids

Front 23

Parts of necessary molecules: Mg

Back 23

Chlorophyll

Front 24

Parts of necessary molecules: Nitrogen

Back 24

Amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll

Front 25

Magnesium / Potassium

Back 25

enzyme activator

Front 26

Calcium

Back 26

regulates enzyme activity

Front 27

Nickel, Copper, Zinc

Back 27

activators or regulators

Front 28

Mycorrhizae*

Back 28

*fungus that is associated with roots
 75% of plant species involved in a mycorrhizal association
 Mutualism . ..

Front 29

Whats happening

Back 29

Whats happening

Front 30

How bacterial mutualism works in roots

Back 30

Front 31

Regulation of Transpiration

Back 31

Guard cells open / shut
Turgor pressure Moist surface for CO2 diffusion BUT Evaporation occurs too

Front 32

Environmental factors affect transpiration

Back 32

Environmental factors affect transpiration
•Humidity : inverse
•Air temperature : 2x every 10oC „til 30-35oC
•Wind : similar
•Light intensity : photosynthesis
•Transpiration is greatest when ...
 Hot (but not too hot), windy, low humidity

Front 33

Plant Adaptations to Transpiration

Back 33

-Time of stomata closure
-Leaf position
-Trichomes
-Reduced leaf area
-Thick cuticle / epidermis
-Sunken stomata
-Leaf abscission

Front 34

Xerophyte‟s Leaves – Extreme Adaptation to Transpiration

Back 34

 ―Desert Loving‖
 Reduced leaves
 Trichomes
 Sunken stomata
 Thick cuticle & epidermis

Front 35

•Transpiration is greatest when...

Back 35

 Hot (but not too hot), windy, low humidity

Front 36

Hydrophyte‟s Leaves – Extreme Adaptation to Little Transpiration

Back 36

 ―Water Loving‖
 Modifications for readily-available water
 Large air spaces
 Stomata on top – if present
 Thin / Absent cuticle
 Reduced xylem

Front 37

Watah turahnsporttt

Back 37

Oh yeah

Front 38

H2O molecules are slightly polar
H20 molecules adhering to xylem walls (adhesion) & each other (cohesion) = tension

Back 38

oh yeahhh

Front 39

Back 39

water molecules are slightly polar

Front 40

Get that shit

Back 40

no big deal just go out and get yours

Front 41

Transport of Organic Solutes

Back 41

-Sugars move into assimilate stream in phloem
-Move from the source to the sink
-Examples of source cells
-Examples of sink cells

Front 42

Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

Back 42

•Phloem Loading (ATP)
•Decrease H2O potential
•H2O via osmosis from xylem
•Passively carried
•Unloaded (ATP)
•Increase H2O potential
•H2O via Osmosis

Front 43

What is photosynthesis?

Back 43

 Changing light energy to biochemical energy in the bonds between atoms of carbohydrates.
3CO2 + 6 H20 light---->C3H6O3 + 3O2 + 3H20

Front 44

 Light-dependent reactions (LDR)

Back 44

-Light energy to chemical energy as ATP & NADPH

Front 45

 Light-independent reactions (LIR)

Back 45

-Use ATP & NADPH to fix & reduce Carbon and to synthesize sugars via Calvin cycle

Front 46

 Energy of a photon is inversely/directly proportional to
wavelength of light (pick one)

Back 46

 Energy of a photon is inversely proportional to
wavelength of light
 Greater the # of nm = Longer wavelength = less energy

Front 47

Light and Pigments

Back 47

Pigments absorb some & Reflect others
Absorption Spectrum
Action Spectrum
Why green plants?

Front 48

Chlorophyll a

Back 48

 Ring of carbon & nitrogen
 Magnesium ion
 Long hydrocarbon chain
ALL photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms and cyanobacteria
430nm and 663nm
Appears as what color?

Front 49

Chlorophyll b

Back 49

 COH not CH3
Most plants, green algae, euglenoid algae
•453nm and 642nm
•Appears as what color?

Front 50

Pigments in plants;Accessory pigments;Carotenoids Group

Back 50

•All eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms &some cyanobacteria
•460 to 550nm
•Carotenes Reddish-yellow Xanthophylls Yellow-brown

Front 51

Chloroplasts

Back 51

Double membrane
Stroma
Grana
Thylakoids
•LDR occur across the thylakoid membrane
•LIR occur outside the grana in the stroma

Front 52

Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 52

Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosystem?
 Thylakoid membrane
 250-400 pigments
-Antenna complex = pigments act as funnel
-Reaction center = proteins & special chlorophyll a
 Converts light energy to chemical energy

Front 53

Sequence of events...
•Light energy strikes antenna pigment
•Energy funneled toward reaction center
•Hits special Chlorophyll a
•Electron boosted & Transferred
•Chlorophyll a oxidized (+)

Back 53

yo yo yo

Front 54

2 types of photosystems • Linked by electron transport chain
 PSI = absorbs maximally at 700nm (P700)
 PSII = absorbs maximally at 680nm (P680)

Back 54

Yo you learn dis shit!

Front 55

Non-cyclic electron flow
PSII
•Light/ photons strike
•Transfer energy to reaction center P680
•Transfer down ETC
•e- from split water replace missing electrons in chlorophyll a
•Proton gradient drives ATP synthesis

Back 55

oh yeah