Bones And Articulations

Front 1

Two types of cartilage growth

Back 1

Interstitial

Appositional

Front 2

Chondrocytes in lacunae undergo mitosis, both cells then occupying the same lacuna, the two cells synthesize new matrix and push apart

Back 2

Interstitial growth

Front 3

Stem cells at internal edge of perichondrium divide forming new stem cells and chondrobladts

New chondrocytes produce new matrix

Back 3

Appositional growth

Front 4

Classifications of bones

Back 4

Long bones

Short

Flat

Irregular

Front 5

Bone cells, which are stem cells in this case, derived from mesenchyme and found in the periosteum and endosteum

Back 5

Osteoprogenitor

Front 6

Calls produced from stem cells which produce new bone

Back 6

Osteoblasts

Front 7

What does blast mean

Back 7

Build

Front 8

Mature bone cells

Back 8

Osteocytes

Front 9

Bone cell that dissolves bone matrix

Back 9

Osteoclasts

Front 10

What does class mean

Back 10

Dissolve

Front 11

Organic and inorganic material formed by bone cells and lying in between them

Back 11

Bone matrix

Front 12

Bone that lies on the outside of individual bone

Back 12

Cortical bone

Front 13

Organic substances of bone matrix

Back 13

1/3 organic components: collagen fibers, and ground substance

Front 14

Inorganic components of bone matrix

Back 14

Calcium phosphate

Calcium hydroxide

Calcium carbonate

Icons of sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride

Front 15

Type of bone that is latticework within a bone

Back 15

Cancelous (spongy) bone

Front 16

Basic structure of cortical bone

Back 16

Osteon (haversion system)

Front 17

Two synonyms for bone growth

Back 17

Osteogenesis and ossification

Front 18

Type of growth that occurs on flat bones of the skull, som facial bone, mandible, and central part of clavicle.

Back 18

Intramembranous ossification

Front 19

Describe intramembranous ossification

Back 19

Ossification centers in thick regions of mesenchyme

Bone matrix (osteoid) undergoes calcification

Woven bone and periosteum form

Lamellar bone replaces woven as compact and spongy bone.

Front 20

Type of growth that occurs in bone extremities, vertebrae, and ends of clavicles

Back 20

Endochondral ossification

Front 21

Describe endochondral ossification

Back 21

Hyaline develops

Cartilage calcifies, bone collar forms

Primary ossification center forms diaphysis

Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis

Bone replaced cartilage (except articular, and epiphyseal plate)

Epiphyseal plate ossify you form epiphyseal lines

Front 22

Anatomical term for growth plate

Back 22

Epiphyseal plate

Front 23

Where does the bone increase in length

Back 23

Epiphyseal plate

Front 24

Type of bone growth that increases the length of a bone

Back 24

Interstitial growth

Front 25

Type of bone growth that increases the diameter of a bone

Back 25

Appositional growth

Front 26

Where does a bone increase in diameter

Back 26

Periosteum

Front 27

Opening in bones through which blood vessels carry nutrients

Back 27

Nutrient artery

Front 28

Large smooth rounded articulating oval structure

Back 28

Condyle

Front 29

Small flat shallow articulating surface

Back 29

Facet (means face)

Front 30

Prominent, rounded epiphysis

Back 30

Head

Front 31

Smooth grooves pulley like articular process

Back 31

Trochlea

Front 32

Deep pit or socket in maxillae or mandible

Back 32

Alveolus

Front 33

Flattened or shallow depression

Back 33

Fossa

Front 34

Narrow groove

Back 34

Sulcus

Front 35

Narrow prominent ridge like projection

Back 35

Crest

Front 36

Projection adjacent to a condyle

Back 36

Epicondyle

Front 37

Low ridge

Back 37

Line

Front 38

Any marked bony prominence

Back 38

Process

Front 39

Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

Back 39

Ramus

Front 40

Pointed slender process

Back 40

Spine

Front 41

Massive rough projection only found in the femur

Back 41

Trochanter

Front 42

Small round projection

Back 42

Tubercle

Front 43

Large rough projection

Back 43

Tuberosity

Front 44

Names of openings and spaces in bones

Back 44

Canal

Fissure

Foramen

Sinus

Front 45

Passageway through a bone

Back 45

Canal (meatus)

Front 46

Narrow, slit line opening through a bone

Back 46

Fissure

Front 47

Rounded passageway through a bone (a hole)

Back 47

Foramen

Front 48

Cavity or hollow space in a bone

Back 48

Sinus

Front 49

How Classification of joints is done

Back 49

What’s it’s made of and how it moves

Front 50

How do mobility and flexibility relate to one another

Back 50

Inversely: as one increases the other decreases

Front 51

Types of joints based on structure

Back 51

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Front 52

Three types of joints based on function

Back 52

Synarthrosis (immovable)

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Front 53

Characteristics of fibrous joints

Back 53

Joined by dense regular connective tissue

Immovable or only slightly movable

No joint cavity

Front 54

Functional and structural classifications of gomphoses joint, and where they’re located

Back 54

Synarthrodial

Fibrous

Found only in the teeth

Front 55

Structure and functional classifications of sutures, and location

Back 55

Fibrous

Synarthrodial

Only in the skull

Front 56

Fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue, fibrous, and amphiarthrodial

Back 56

Syndesmoses

Front 57

Bones joined directly by cartilage. Sometimes hyaline, sometimes fibrocartilage. No cavity

Back 57

Cartilaginous joints

Front 58

Locations, and classifications of synchondroses

Back 58

Growth plate, rib to costal cartilage, synarthrodial, cartilaginous.

Front 59

Locations, and classifications of symphyses joint

Back 59

Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis

Amphiarthrodial

Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)

Front 60

Joints with a fluid filled capsule, bones have articular (hyaline) cartilage to protect against friction. Always diarthrodial

Back 60

Synovial joints

Front 61

Structure that surrounds synovial joints and forms it’s cavity

Back 61

Articular (joint) capsule

Front 62

Outer layer of joint capsule

Back 62

Fibrous (joint) capsule

Front 63

Inner layer of joint capsule, creates synovial fluid

Back 63

Synovial membrane

Front 64

Slimy fluid that nourishes, lubricates, and protects a synovial joint

Back 64

Synovial fluid

Front 65

Contains synovial fluid around the tendon, reduces friction

Back 65

Synovial sheaths

Front 66

Fat pads

Back 66

Pads made of fat

Front 67

Fills space in larger joint capsules, guides movement

Back 67

Cartilage discs

Front 68

Extra bag of fluid (synovial), disperses pressure

Back 68

Bursa

Front 69

One side has a slight oval protrusion, the other an elliptical recess, two planes of motion

Back 69

Condyloid joint

Front 70

Flat or mostly flat surfaces gliding across each other, one or two planes of motion

Back 70

Gliding joints

Front 71

Protruding condyle fits into a corresponding recess, has one plane of motion

Back 71

Hinge joints

Front 72

One bone makes a ball shape, which fits into the other like a socket

Back 72

Ball and socket joint

Front 73

One bone convex, the other concave, two planes of motion.

Back 73

Saddle joints

Front 74

Structures vary, but always simply rotate along a central axis

Back 74

Pivot joints

Front 75

Angular Movements of synovial joints

Back 75

Extension

Hyper extension

Flexion

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Rotation (pronation, supination)

Front 76

Lateral carrying away from the midline of the body

Back 76

Abduction

Front 77

Medial movement of a body part towards the midline

Back 77

Adduction

Front 78

Decreases the angle of a joint

Back 78

Flexion

Front 79

Increases the angle of a joint

Back 79

Extension

Front 80

Increases the angle beyond the normal anatomical range

Back 80

Hyperextension

Front 81

Type of movement when the trunk of the body moves laterally along a coronal plane

Back 81

Lateral flexion

Front 82

Distal end of an appendage moves in a circular motion

Back 82

Circumduction

Front 83

Pivot motion along an axis

Back 83

Rotation

Front 84

Pivoting motion in which a long bone turns on its long axis so that the anterior surface moves laterally

Back 84

Lateral rotation

Front 85

Pivot motion that turns the anterior side of a long bone medially

Back 85

Medial rotation

Front 86

Inferior movement of a body part

Back 86

Depression

Front 87

Superior movement of a body part

Back 87

Elevation

Front 88

For sum of the foot or hand moves so that the angle between it and the limb decreases

Back 88

Dorsiflexion

Front 89

When the anchor joint moves to point the toes inferiorly

Back 89

Plantar flexion

Front 90

When the intertarsal joints are moved to turn the sole of the foot medially

Back 90

Inversion

Front 91

When intertarsal joints move to face the sole of the foot laterally

Back 91

Eversion

Front 92

When the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly

Back 92

Pronation

Front 93

When the palm is directed anteriorly or superiorly

Back 93

Supination

Front 94

When the body is in a face down position

Back 94

Prone position

Front 95

When the body is in a face up position

Back 95

Supine position

Front 96

When a body part moves anteriorly in a horizontal plane

Back 96

Protraction

Front 97

When a body part moves posteriorly along a horizontal plane

Back 97

Retraction

Front 98

When the thumb moves towards the Palmer tip of the fingers

Back 98

Opposition

Front 99

When the thumb moves away from the Palmer tips of the fingers

Back 99

Reposition