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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alfred Nobel
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(1833-96) wealthy Swedish chemist who became famous for his promotion of international peace; Nobel Peace Prize
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Andrew Carnegie
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American philanthropist steel manufacturer, donating much of the funds to build the Peace Palace at The Hague
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chauvinism
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unbridled nationalism, causing many people to desire war so they could prove their superiority to other nations
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Bismarks' System
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the German chancelor Bismark's attempt to politically isolate France
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Three Emperors' League
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(1873) the first alliance Bismark established between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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Dual Alliance
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(1882) brought the Three Emperors' League (alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) into an anti-French coalition
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Reinsurance Treaty
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(1887) Bismark's skillfully diplomatic secret alliance with Russia
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Wilhelm II
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(1888-1918) became kaiser (emperor) of Germany, but, because of his young and arrogant nature, destroyed all hope of politically isolating France and forced to Bismark to resign
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Entente Cordiale
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the "friendly understanding" between France and Britain
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Triple Entente
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a peace treaty between Russia, France, and Britain
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June 28, 1914
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the archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and heir to the throne was assassinated while visiting the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, sparking World War I
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ultimatum
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a list of demands with threats
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mobilize
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make ready
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Central Powers
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Germany and Austria-Hungary
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Schlieffen Plan
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a German plan of attack created for emergencies
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Paul von Hindenburg
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(1847-1934) general who led the German army to victory against Russia
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stalemate
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a situation in which both sides were at a standstill
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attrition
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when both sides try to wear each other down gradually
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zeppelins
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long, slender airships similar to modern blimps
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U-boats
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early German submarines
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Lusitaina
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British liner that was sunk on May 7, 1915 by German submarines, killing over 1,000 people
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total war
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political control in warring nations where groups of generals or a tightly knit cabinet made decisions and implemented policies
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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the sinking of all ships, even if they are unarmed, that carried supplies to the Allies
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Nicholas II
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Russian czar who abdicated in 1917, leaving the country under a provisional government
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Russian peace treaty with Germany signed in 1918
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Woodrow Wilson
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American president during World War I
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John J. "Black Jack" Pershing
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under this American general's leadership, the American military finally had the edge to defeat the Germans
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Ferdinand Foch
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commander and chief of the Allied armies in France who stopped the German advance
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armistice
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a temporary cessation of fighting
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November 11, 1918
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at 11:00 a.m. on this day the Allies and the Germans signed an armistice (a temporary cessation of fighting), ending World War I
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Paris Peace Conference
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established in January 1919, thirty-two nations gathered together to negotiate a peace settlement for World War I
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Woodrow Wilson
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U.S. president and representative at the Paris Peace Conference
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Georges Clemenceau
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French premier and and representative at the Paris Peace Conference
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David Lloyd George
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British prime minister and representative at the Paris Peace Conference
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Vittorio Orlando
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Italian prime minister and representative at the Paris Peace Conference
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the Fourteen Points
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moderate settlement advocated by Woodrow Wilson that sought to not seek revenge upon the defeated powers
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Treaty of Versailles
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the most important of the five treaties that ended World War I
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reparations
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payment for war damages
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demilitarized
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no armies could be in the area at any time
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war guilt clause
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placed the entire blame for the war upon Germany and her allies
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Treaty of St. Germain
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treaty stating Austria:
1) had to give territory to Italy 2) pay reparations 3) limit the size of her army 4) agree not to seek Anschluss (political unification) with Germany |
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Anschluss
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political unification
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Treaty of Séveres
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dismantled the Ottoman Empire
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mandates
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German colonies
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League of Nations
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international organization in which nations could discuss their differences instead of fighting about them
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Charles Dawes
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realizing Germany's financial problems, this American banker formed a committee in 1924 to find a solution
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Owen Young
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American lawyer who, in 1929, devised a plan that reduced the amount reparations and gave Germany until 1988 to pay them off
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moratorium
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suspension
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Locarno Pact
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German agreement to not seek any changes in her Eastern borders
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disarmament
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the elimination of weapons or arms, in the hope that it will cease all fighting
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Washington Naval Conference
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(1921-22) the great naval powers---Britain, the United State, Japan, and others---agreed to limit the amount of warships they could build in an attempt at disarmament, which ultimately failed
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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sought to unite "the civilized nations of the world in a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy"
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Who established the Nobel Peace Prize to recognize those who furthered the cause of world peace?
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Alfred Nobel
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Who donated funds to build the Peace Palace at the Hague, where international disputes could be handled peacefully?
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Andrew Carnegie
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What two countries were eager to prove their new national strength by acquiring territory in Africa and Asia?
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Italy and Germany
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Who was the architect of a system of alliances designed to isolate France diplomatically?
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Bismarck
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What country claimed to be the defender of the "brother Slavs"?
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Russia
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What area of Europe was called the "powder keg of Europe"?
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the Balkans
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Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914?
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
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Why is that date significant?
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It marks the beginning of World War I.
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What country's neutrality did the Germans violate as they invaded France? What European country declared war on Germany as a result of that attack on a neutral country?
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Belgium; Great Britain
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What was the German policy that called for the sinking of all ships, armed or not, that carried supplies to the Allies?
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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What country left the struggle against Germany in 1918?
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Russia
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What country joined the struggle against Germany in 1917?
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the United States
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Describe the deeds of America's most famous Medal of Honor winner during World War I.
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Sgt. Alvin York: after suffering heavy casualties, him and seven men charged a machine gun nest and, under his leadership, won
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Define armistice. Give the hour, day, month, and year for the armistice ending World War I.
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a temporary cessation of fighting; 11:00 A.M., November 11, 1918
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Who were the three dominant Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference? What country did they represent?
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Woodrow Wilson - the United States
Georges Clemenceau - France David Lloyd George - Great Britain |
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What treaty concluded the peace between the Allies and Germany?
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the Treaty of Versailles
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With what country did the Treaty of St. Germain settle the peace? What did the treaty forbid?
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Austria; Anschluss (political unification) with Germany
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What major Allied nation did not join the League of Nations?
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the United States
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What agreement called upon the nations of the world to renounce the use of offensive war and seek arbitration to settle international disputes?
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the Kellogg-Briand Act
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List four underlying causes of World War I:
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1) extreme nationalism
2) rampant militarism 3) competitive imperialism 4) self-serving protective alliances |
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Identify the countries that belonged to each of the following alliances and ententes formed before World War I: the Three Emperors' League, the Triple Alliance, the Reinsurance Treaty, the Dual Alliance of 1994, the Entente Cordiale, and the Triple Entente .
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Three Emperors' League - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia
Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Reinsurance Treaty - Germany and Russia Dual Alliance (1894) - France and Russia Entente Cordiale - France and Great Britain Triple Entente - France, Great Britain, Russia |
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List five new weapons of warfare used in World War I.
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1) machine guns
2) grenades 3) flame throwers 4) mustard gas 5) heavy artillery 6) tanks 7) zeppelins 8) submarines 9) airplanes |
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List six reason the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies.
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1) resented unrestricted submarine warfare
2) closer ties to Great Britain and France 3) upset over German plot to bring Mexico into the war against America 4) influenced by the Allied propaganda 5) had closer economic ties with the Allies 6) wanted to maintain a balance of power in Europe |
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What were five weaknesses of the League of Nations?
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1) the U.S. did not take part
2) the League could not require its members to take action 3) decisions required the unanimous consent of member nations 4) the League had no armed forces of its own 5) League was hesitant about using force to accomplish their goals |
