World History Chapter 21 Review

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dole

Back 1

government relief for the unemployed in England

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Ramsay MacDonald

Back 2

first Labour Party (socialists) prime minister of Britain

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Statue of Westminster

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in this, Britain approved a 1926 report that had declared Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa to be "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their internal or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the crown

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Leon Blum

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political party Popular Front activist and appointed leader of the French government

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Maginot Line

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a line fortification stretching 560 miles from Switzerland to the Belgium border,

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October 1929

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the stock market collapsed, causing the Great Depression in America

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Franklin Roosevelt

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elected for American President in 1932 in the hopes he would end the Great Depression; promoted a relief program called the "New Deal"

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New Deal

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a program of relief, recovery, and reform advocated by president Franklin Roosevelt that sought to employ the unemployed, among other things, to re-build the economy

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bureaucracy

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the non-elected officials who handle government affairs in America

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totalitarian states

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established by European dictators and, although no two states were identical, they all shared the following characteristics
1) use of propaganda to promote the ideas and programs of the state
2) use of an efficient secret police to arrest or assassinate those who opposed the state and its policies
3) emphasis upon the goals of the state rather than upon individual rights or concerns
4) state control of every aspect of life: political, economic, cultural, educational, and religious
5) a government maintained by force and not accountable to the people for its actions
6) a one-party political system led by a powerful dictator

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propaganda

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materials and methods of indoctrination in Europe

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Alexander III

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successor of Russian Czar Alexander II, who's main goal while in power was to suppress all revolutionary ideas and activities

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pogroms

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organized government massacres, killing thousands of Jews in Russia

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Nicholas II

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held his father's, Russian Czar Alexander III's, harsh laws and policies

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Bolsheviks

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radical political party in Russia advocating change through violence

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Mensheviks

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radical political party in Russia advocating change through peaceful measures

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Russo-Japanese War

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a clash between Russian and Japanese expansion, which led to an all out war

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Bloody Sunday

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on this day, Russian workers' marched to the czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg in a peaceful procession to speaking with czar Nicholas I, but instead they were met with open fire by goverment soldiers

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Duma

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the Russian constitutional government with free speech and a national assembly issued by the October Manifesto

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Rasputin

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religious fraud of a monk, who had won the favor of the Russian empress, becoming a royal advisor

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Alexander Kerensky

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Menshevik who headed the provisional government put into place after the abdication of czar Nicholas II

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Vladimir Lenin

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leader of the Bolsheviks and brilliant young man who became involved in revolutionary activities while attending Russian university

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Leon Trotsky

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through his efforts, the Communists organized the so-called Red Army

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war communism

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a tightly regulated system of economic controls in Russia instituted by Lenin

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New Economic Policy (NEP)

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a temporary solution to the anti-Communist sentiment win Russia

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Joseph Stalin

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a brilliant and egotistical man known for his fiery speeches , establishing himself as the new dictator of the USSR

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Five-Year Plans

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a series of programs set into place by Stalin, ending the NEP and turning Russia back towards socialism

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collectivise

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bring under central government control

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purges

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Stalin's attempt to wipe out anyone who might prove disloyal to his regime, killing 800,000 Communist Party members, including many of the ruling elite

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Comintern

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"Communist International"; found Communist parties in other countries, taking an active roll in stirring up discontent in hopes of producing revolution

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fascism

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an attractive alternative to Communism and Nazism, promising stability and security, although, in the end, it varied little from Communism

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nazism

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created on the totalitarian principle of government, specially Germanic groups assumed to be racially superior

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Benito Mussolini

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helped to organize the Fascist party, slowly turning Italy into a Fascist totalitarian state

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Il Duce

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"leader" or "commander"; Mussolini's self-given title

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autarky

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a program created to make Italy entirely self sufficient

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syndicates

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the organization Italy's entire workforce split into thirteen groups

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Lateran Treaties

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agreement with the Roman Catholic Church and Italy, renouncing the churches territorial claims

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Reichstag

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strong political party during the early nineteenth century

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Weimar Republic

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the German republic, which eventually failed, because of its lack of popular support, experience running a republic, and strong traditional attachments to its ideals

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Adolf Hitler

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the most murderous and tyrannical dictators of modern history

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Mein Kampf

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the book Hitler wrote while in prison, attacking the Weimer Republic, blaming the Jews for Germany's struggles, and demanding the renunciation of the Versailles Treaty

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swastika

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"broken cross"; the infamous symbol of the Nazis

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Paul von Hindenburg

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president of the German Weimar Republic

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Gestapo

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Nazi's secret police

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Autobahnen

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superhighways

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expressionism

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where the artist portrays how he feels about the subject, instead of exactly what he sees

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Henry Matisse

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one of the greatest examples of expressionism

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cubism

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this painting technique distorted everyday figures into various geometric shapes

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Pablo Picasso

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Spanish born artist and best representative of cubism

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Louis Sullivan

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American architect, credited with developing the skyscraper

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Walter Gropius

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spread the functionalist style throughout Europe

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Frank Lloyd Wright

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American architect, following a functionalist style approach and believing a design should fit in with its surroundings

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Igor Stravinsky

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Russian composer, developing the musical theory known as polytonality

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Arnold Schönberg

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Austrian composer who created what is called atonal music

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polytonality

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musical theory that used multiple keys simultaneously, instead of just one

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atonal music

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abandoned all fixed tone patterns, basing compositions on a twelve-tone scale

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T. S. Eliot

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American poet who's works reflected attitudes prevalent between the world wars, portraying the desolation and meaninglessness of modern life

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Thomas Mann

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German novelist, presenting his central characters as passive figures, victimized by the uncontrollable forces around them

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James Joyce

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novelist who developed the so-called stream-of-consciousness technique, in which the writer is forced to decipher the fragmented and often rambling thoughts of the major character

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List the seven possessions of Great Britain that were given self-rule or complete independence after World War I.

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the Irish Free State, Egypt, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa

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What factor contributed to the political instability within the Third French Republic following the war.

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The country had so many political parties that no one was able to get a majority, giving rise to shaky coalitions.

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What was the name of the French line of defense that protected that protected her borders from Switzerland Belgium and Switzerland?

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the Maginot Line

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Which U.S. president sought to promote relief, recovery, and reform to get his country out of the Great Depression? What name was given to his programs?

Back 63

Franklin Roosevelt; New Deal

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What are the nonelected officials who handle government affairs?

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the bureaucracy

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Who was the last czar of Russia? In what year was his government overthrown?

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Czar Nicholas II; 1917

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What Communist leader instituted war communism? What Communist leader instituted a system of purges, eliminating all whom he considered a threat?

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Vladimir Lenin; Joseph Stalin

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Who was the leader of the fascist party in Italy? In what year did he come to power

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Benito Mussolini; 1922

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What was the name of the fascist movement in Germany? Who became its leader

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the National Socialists German Workers' Party or the Nazi Party; Adolf Hitler

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Whom did Hitler call the "master people"? What people did Hitler blame for Germany's problems?

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the Aryans, or Germans; the Jews

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What were two well-known movements, or schools, of painting in the twentieth century?

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expressionism and cubism

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Identify the three noteworthy architects who helped establish modern architectural trends.

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Louis Sullivan, Walter Gropius, and Frank Lloyd Wright

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What is the name of the musical theory that uses several keys simultaneously? Who developed this modern musical style?

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polytonality; Igor Stravinsky

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What poet sought to describe the desolation and meaninglessness of life prevalent between the world wars? What was the name of his major work?

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T.S. Eliot; "The Waste Land"

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How did Britain, France, and America deal with their economic problems after World War I.

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through government relief programs, socialist programs, and greater government control over economic matters

Front 75

List six characteristics shared by totalitarian states.

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1) the use of propaganda to promote the ideas and programs of the state
2) the use of an efficient secret police to arrest or assassinate those who oppose the state and its policies
3) emphasis on the goals of the state rather than on individual rights and concerns
4) state control of every aspect of life: political, economic, cultural, educational, and religious
5) a government maintained by force and not accountable to the people for its actions
6) a one-party political system led by a powerful dictator

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List four ways in which fascism and communism differ or at least in theory.

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1) Under fascism, businesses are privately owned but controlled rigorously by the government; under communism, the government both owns and controls businesses.
2) Fascism is highly nationalistic; communism seeks a classless international society (ideally)
3) Military dictatorships usually govern a fascist state; communism deceptively emphasizes the "dictatorship of the proletariat"
4) Fascism glorifies the state; communism teaches that the state will gradually wear away

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List five factors that assisted Hitler's amazing rise to power in Germany.

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1) the weakness of the Weimar Republic
2) German resentment of the war guilt clause
3) economic problems: inflation and unemployment
4) fear of the spread of communism
5) Hitler's personal leadership and effective use of propaganda

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How was the Era of Disillusionment reflected in the arts?

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The works of artists and writers portrayed a pessimistic and disjointed view of man, his world, and the future in light of death and destruction of the war and the moral and economic decay that followed.