Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
502 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which one of the malleoli facets of the talus has a tear drop shape
|
medial
|
|
|
what happens to the eye when treated with atropine
|
mydriasis - pupil dilation
|
|
|
TCA MOA
|
block reuptake of NE, serotonin and dopamine
|
|
|
What drug causes SLE like rxn
|
Procainamide, INH, hydralazine, phenytoin
HIPPPE |
|
|
DOC for post surg pain
|
morphine
|
|
|
babinski reflex is assoc with what tract
|
spinothalmic.....checks for UMN lesions
|
|
|
PT come in ER, is unconscious and respiration is depressed, what would you do? (heroin od)
|
naloxone (narcan)
|
|
|
the oblique popliteal ligament if from what m.?
|
semimembranosus m.
|
|
|
the posterior thigh muscle originates from which structure
|
ischial tuberosity
|
|
|
what artery supplies the fdb?
|
medial plantar a.
|
|
|
what artery supplies the quadratus plantae m
|
lateral plantar a.
|
|
|
what hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
what drug is used as antimetic postop
|
thioridazine
|
|
|
what muscle is between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
|
gluteus minimus
|
|
|
what blood group is universal donor
|
0-
|
|
|
where is erythropoetin made
|
kidney
|
|
|
what increases infusion
|
solubility
|
|
|
hyperglycemia can be caused by all EXCEPT
|
insulin
|
|
|
cerebellum is concerned with
|
coordination/balance
|
|
|
what are ACE inhibitors
|
antihypertenisves
|
|
|
what do you give for atropine poisoining
|
physostigmine/scopolamine
|
|
|
what causes parkinsonism
|
lack of dopamine
|
|
|
MG is a result of
|
ab's against ach receptors secretion of K, REABSORPTION OF Na ( arrow up Na+, down arrow K +)
|
|
|
what is the fastest conducting axon
|
large myelimated
|
|
|
which of the following requires energy
|
active transport
|
|
|
what ion is a clotting factor
|
calcium
|
|
|
what drug causes hair growth
|
minoxidil
|
|
|
what vitamin causes exfoliation
|
vitamin a
|
|
|
what blocks the action of histamine in asthma
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
which antibiotics works on cell wall
|
penicillins
|
|
|
what muscles supplies by spinal accessory n.
|
trapezius, SCM
|
|
|
melanin is composed from what a.a?
|
tyrosine
|
|
|
what is the precursor of serotonin
|
tryptophan
|
|
|
what inserts in the quadrate tuburcle
|
quadratus femoris
|
|
|
what part of the coxae is form by more than one bone
|
acetabulum
|
|
|
what supplies the nutrient foramen of the fibula
|
peroneal a.
|
|
|
which bone is associated os tibiale externum
|
navicular
|
|
|
which muscle can plantarflex and evert foot
|
navicular
|
|
|
which layer of foot is medial plantar a.
|
between 1 and 2
|
|
|
crest syndrome is associated with
|
scleroderma
|
|
|
which do you NOT use antacids with
|
tetracylcine
|
|
|
which substance increase muscle wasting
|
steroid usage
|
|
|
rapid repolarization is result of
|
k+ efflux
|
|
|
acute bacterial endocarditis
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
what supplies blood to the AV node
|
rt coronary a (RCA)
|
|
|
the anterior compartment of the leg is supplied by which nerve
|
deep peroneal
|
|
|
what happens i f your remove lymphatics
|
edema
|
|
|
what is blood supply to peroneus tertius
|
anterior tibial
|
|
|
what can give pulmonary embolus
|
DVT
|
|
|
what usually happens with electron transport
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
what do gram positive organisms do NOT have
|
outer membrane
|
|
|
what organism is blue/green with a fruity odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
what is lacking in smooth m
|
troponin
|
|
|
what is the most common chromosomal disorder
|
trisomy 21 (downs)
|
|
|
mesothelioma and brochogenic CA associated with
|
asbestos
|
|
|
which does NOT inhibit cell wall synthesis
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
lumbar plexus
|
t12-t14
|
|
|
common insertion of TP,TA,PL
|
medial cuneiform
|
|
|
what ganglia controls pain in face
|
trigeminal VI
|
|
|
what adduct toes
|
plantar interossei- adduct
|
|
|
which met base is kidney based (reniform)
|
1st
|
|
|
increase surface area
|
microvilli
|
|
|
originates from the tibia and fibula
|
EDL, Posterior pt tibial isleis ???
|
|
|
extranumery bone associated with talus
|
os trigonum
|
|
|
scurvy?
|
vit c deficiency
|
|
|
emergency problem with insulin
|
hypoglycemia
|
|
|
emphysema?
|
alpha-1antirypsin deficiency
|
|
|
flexes leg and thigh
|
sartorius
|
|
|
least sedating histamine blocker
|
terfinadine
|
|
|
cross allergy between PCN and carbapeneats too
|
cephalosporins
|
|
|
what can be palpated
|
PIIS
|
|
|
beta blocker with least respiratory effect
|
metoprolol
|
|
|
what anti-tumor drug work on mitotic spindles
|
vincristine and vinblastine
|
|
|
transitional epithelium
|
bladder (urinary tract)
|
|
|
why do you give EPI with local anestheitc
|
vasoconstriction, to keep local around longer
|
|
|
where is the fabella
|
lateral head of gastrocnemius
|
|
|
action of the tibialis posterior
|
plantar flexion and inversion
|
|
|
what is the major cause of peptic ulcer
|
h. pylori
|
|
|
in what compartment is the peroneal a. located
|
deep posterior compartment
|
|
|
what muscles does the medial plantar n. supply
|
1st lumbricale, abductor hallucis, FHB,FDB
|
|
|
causes lyme disease
|
borelia burgdoferi
|
|
|
coagulase and catalase positive
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
what produces anitbodies
|
plasma cells
|
|
|
what nerve compressed in carpal tunnel
|
median n
|
|
|
root value of phrenic
|
c3,4,5
|
|
|
nerve that goes below l2
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
what makes csf
|
choroid plexus
|
|
|
where is the quadrate tuburcle located
|
femur
|
|
|
what inserts into the trochanteric fossa
|
obturator externus (only one insertion here)
|
|
|
what courses with the small saphenous v.
|
sural n
|
|
|
what innervated EDB
|
deep peroneal (lateral terminal branch of)
|
|
|
competitive inhibition can be reverse by
|
increasing substrate
|
|
|
iron is carried in blood by
|
transferrin
|
|
|
if pt is starving where does brain get glucose
|
kerone bodies
|
|
|
how many ATP's are formed from glyclysis
|
2
|
|
|
the key NZ is glycolysis
|
phosphofructorkinase (PFK)
|
|
|
what inhibits cyclooxygenase
|
ASA
|
|
|
precursor to PGE
|
arachidonic acid
|
|
|
when vit b12 id not absorbed it cause
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
chyromerons are formed from
|
dietary TG
|
|
|
most common opportumistic mycosis
|
candida
|
|
|
what fluoresces coral red under the woods lamp
|
erythrasma
|
|
|
what cuneiform articulates with 3 mets
|
lateral cuneiform
|
|
|
what contains keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
|
skin
|
|
|
what part of the hip joint contains hyaline cartilage
|
lunate surface
|
|
|
what ct is made up of parallel fibers
|
dense regular ct
|
|
|
what is the innervation to gluteus medius
|
superior gluteal n.
|
|
|
what innervates the adductor ballucis
|
lateral plantar n.
|
|
|
what muscle passes under the sperior extensor reunaculum
|
tibialis anterior.......EHL/EDL/ P TARTIUS?
|
|
|
what muscle passes between the medial and lateral process of talus
|
FHL
|
|
|
the first tarsal bone to ossify
|
calcaneus
|
|
|
best measure of excretion capacity of kidneys
|
creatine clearance, glucose is least
|
|
|
what is rapid tolerance to a drug
|
tachyphalaxis
|
|
|
DOC fro gram positive
|
PEN G (iv)
|
|
|
how do you force the excretion of an alkaline
|
acidify the urine
|
|
|
drug given for urinary retention
|
bethanachol
|
|
|
what inhalation anesthetic cause hepatitis
|
halothane
|
|
|
what promotes healing
|
vitamin c
|
|
|
glucose production from non -carbohydrate source
|
gluconeogensis
|
|
|
which is NOT Part of DNA structure
|
Ribose sugar
|
|
|
what aids the absorption of VIT B12 from intestine
|
IF
|
|
|
what is the dicrotic notch
|
closure of the aortic valve and accompanying back pressure
|
|
|
comparison of pulmonary and systemic circulation
|
blood flow volume is equal
|
|
|
where does herpes zoster lie dorment
|
dorsal root ganglion
|
|
|
disease characterized by reversible bronchospasm
|
asthma
|
|
|
what is going on with pt with neuropathy and elevated liver NZS
|
alcoholism
|
|
|
cutaneous innervation to lateral side of foot
|
sural n/ LDCN- LATERAL DORSAL CUT N.
|
|
|
DVT drug
|
heparin
|
|
|
what drug has side effect of gingival hyperplasia
|
phenytoin
|
|
|
what three muscles tendons attach to the base of the 1st met
|
ta/pl/ ?
|
|
|
tarsal bone ossifies last
|
navicular (late 3 yr)
|
|
|
cuneiform articulates with 1st met only
|
intermediate
|
|
|
the medial and lateral femoral circumflex come off of what
|
deep femoral a. (profunda femoris)
|
|
|
medial calcaneal a. comes from
|
posterior tibial a.
|
|
|
MOA of 5FU
|
inhibits thymidylate synthase
|
|
|
what decrease gastric acid secretion best
|
ranitidine
|
|
|
first TX for NIDDM
|
weight loss
|
|
|
does not flex the knee
|
soleus
|
|
|
saddle joint
|
calcaneocuboid
|
|
|
first branch of the anterior tibial a.
|
posterior tibial recurrent a.
|
|
|
if you are hit behind neck in c4,c5 area what is affected
|
part of your breathing mechaniism since the phrenic n. is involved
|
|
|
all the following causes hydroencephalous except
|
non-functioning choroid plexus -CSF
|
|
|
what muscle unlocks the knee joint
|
popliteus
|
|
|
kyphosis
|
increased thoracic curve
|
|
|
what supplies motor to tongue
|
hypoglossal n.
|
|
|
draining granular foot lesion
|
mycetoma
|
|
|
rejection of an organ is mediated by
|
T cells
|
|
|
what protects bacteria from phagocytosis
|
capsule
|
|
|
best way to build up skeletal muscle
|
exercise
|
|
|
down syndrome has association with
|
leukemia (in youth)
|
|
|
disease characterized by aneurysms
|
marfans
|
|
|
which is not a rish factor for atherosclerosis
|
alcoholism
|
|
|
what is the cause of libman sacks endocarditis
|
SLE (LSE AND SLE)
|
|
|
what disease replace muslce tissue with fibrous material and fat in child
|
duchennes muscular dystrophy
|
|
|
circular rings of cartilage in vessels, non-occlusive
|
monckbergs medial sclerosis
|
|
|
patient with irregular heart beast has a sstroke
|
cause is embolic stroke
|
|
|
ADH(vasopressin) is secreted by what part of the pituatary gland
|
posterior lobe (2 parts nervosa)
|
|
|
what drug is used orally to treat fungal infection
|
griseofulvin
|
|
|
young male with thrombosis
|
burgers-IgA
|
|
|
irregular cells
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
pannus formations seen in
|
RA
|
|
|
esophageal inflammation seen with
|
gastric reflux
|
|
|
ketogenic amino acids
|
lysime and leucine
|
|
|
why does diabetes insipidus cause polyuria
|
lack of ADH/ lack of renal response to ADH
|
|
|
what is the parent compund of NE and EPI
|
phenylalmine
|
|
|
deep femoral a supplies harmony compartment comp in thigh
|
supplies all 3 compartment in thigh
|
|
|
what are payer patches made of
|
lymphoid follicles
|
|
|
which nerves have the same branches as the femoral
|
obturator l2,3,4
|
|
|
what nerve innervates the hamstring m. of the thigh
|
sciatic (tibial n)
|
|
|
injuring the superficial peroneal n. will result in
|
inability to evert foot
|
|
|
fat soluble vitamins
|
A, D, E, K
|
|
|
AMINO ACIDS MOST LIKELY TO DONATE THE METHYL GROUP
|
methionine
|
|
|
how many common plantar digital n are there
|
4 clindamycin, macrolides, bacyl, ribosame, protean syn
|
|
|
not a function of t cells
|
manufacture of immunoglobulims
|
|
|
drug that affects the closure of epiphyseal plate
|
androgens
|
|
|
what facilitates phagocystosis
|
opsonins
|
|
|
what is inhibited by ranitidine
|
h2 receptors in the stomach
|
|
|
what is characterized of parkinsons
|
resting tumor
|
|
|
moa of spironolactone
|
k sparing durectic-competitive antagonist of aldosterone. Interfere with NA, K, H exchange that cause a decrease in K loss in distal tubule
|
|
|
what secretes renin
|
juxtaglomerular cells adjacent to the afferent arerioles in kidney
|
|
|
65% of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed where
|
PCT
|
|
|
dose of plain lidocaine
|
4.5 mg/kg BW
|
|
|
does of lidocaine w/ epi
|
7mg/kg BW
|
|
|
treatment of benzodiazepine OD
|
flumazenil
|
|
|
common se after removing anti htn drug
|
anide edema
|
|
|
tx gram+ amaerobe
|
clindamycin
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the lateral rectus
|
abducent n. (VI)
|
|
|
which of the following arteries unpaired and supplies the knee joint
|
middle genicular a.
|
|
|
name the essential a.s.
|
phenylalamine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine,
|
|
|
neutral a.a
|
histidine
|
|
|
a pathology in which one a.a. is swapped for another on the beta chain
|
sickle cell amenia
|
|
|
a pathology related to a.a. with aromatic ring
|
phenylketonuria
|
|
|
krebs cylce occurs in all except
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
ceruloplasm is related to which mineral
|
copper -wilsons disease
|
|
|
HMG CoA is related to which cycle
|
cholestrol synthesis
|
|
|
can increase uric acid by giving
|
probenecid
|
|
|
which drug is an HMG CoA redcutase inhibitor
|
lovastrin- "YOUR NOT GETTING MUCH LOVA IF YOUR SCREWING WITH MY G'S
|
|
|
which drug can cause a gout attack
|
hydroclothorothiazide
|
|
|
drug give PO for PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS colitis
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
what drugs are used to treat pseduomonas aeruginosa
|
aminoglycoside and extended spectrum penicillins
|
|
|
what are the adductor m of the thigh innervated by
|
obturator n.
|
|
|
what is cimetidine for
|
gastritis, peptic ulcer, esophageal reflux, zollinger-ellison syndrome
|
|
|
what does the deep peroneal n innervate
|
anterior leg muscles
|
|
|
what is klinefelters syndrome
|
male (xxy)-testicular atrophy, eunuchoid, body shape, tall long extremities, gynecomastia female hair distributors, presence of inactivated x chromosome (barr body)
|
|
|
name the bactericidial antibiotics
|
penicillins, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, metronidazzole
|
|
|
where does aldosterone act
|
distal tubules
|
|
|
what does griseofulvin cause
|
hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
rice water stools
|
v cholera
|
|
|
what is smaller than RBC'S
|
platelets
|
|
|
what artery supplies the cruciate ligament
|
middle genicular a. (knee joint0
|
|
|
which of the following aromatic
|
phenylalanine
|
|
|
what does the lateral marginal v dump into
|
lesser saphenous v.
|
|
|
ossification of cuneiforms
|
lateral-1st yr
medial 2nd year intermediate 3rd year |
|
|
warfarin, is it oral, what is it for
|
oral, chronic anticoagulation not give during pregnancy bc crosses placenta
|
|
|
risk factor for atherosclerosis
|
smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
where is the soleal line located
|
posterior tibial, medial proximal-lateral distal
|
|
|
a kid falls from his bike, hits his head on the curb, later goes unconscious what structure was affected
|
middle meningeal a.
|
|
|
where is melatomin produced
|
pineal gland
|
|
|
which cells can self-replicate
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
muscles of the rotator cuff
|
teres minor infraspinatous, supraspinatous, subscapularis
|
|
|
which is NOT found in all synovial joints
|
meniscus
|
|
|
damage to what nerve cause wrist drop
|
radial n
|
|
|
what muscle in the sole of the inserts into a tendon
|
quadratus plantae (FDL)
|
|
|
which of the leg compartments has 2 arteries and 1 nerve
|
deep posterior compartment
|
|
|
mRNA and DNA
|
transcription
|
|
|
what attaches to the superior surface of the greater trochanter
|
piriformis
|
|
|
what is ELISA test looking for
|
antibodies to viral proteins
|
|
|
what is long acting insulin
|
protamine zine (lente)
|
|
|
tarsal bone has a peroneal groove/ sulcus
|
cuboid
|
|
|
what side of the calcaneous is the sustentatculum tali on
|
medial
|
|
|
ischial spine is on what coxal bone
|
ischium
|
|
|
damage to what nerve cause wrist drop
|
radial n
|
|
|
what muscle in the sole of the inserts into a tendon
|
quadratus plantae (FDL)
|
|
|
which of the leg compartments has 2 arteries and 1 nerve
|
deep posterior compartment
|
|
|
mRNA and DNA
|
transcription
|
|
|
what attaches to the superior surface of the greater trochanter
|
piriformis
|
|
|
what is ELISA test looking for
|
antibodies to viral proteins
|
|
|
what is long acting insulin
|
protamine zine (lente)
|
|
|
tarsal bone has a peroneal groove/ sulcus
|
cuboid
|
|
|
what side of the calcaneous is the sustentatculum tali on
|
medial
|
|
|
ischial spine is on what coxal bone
|
ischium
|
|
|
bone with peroneal trochlea, ridge, and notch
|
cuboid, calcaneus also has..
|
|
|
frequent location of MI
|
left anterior descending LAD> RCA> circumflex
|
|
|
which secretes NE
|
SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC
|
|
|
which are the pain fibers
|
delta a
|
|
|
what treatment for arrythmia
|
quinidine
|
|
|
primary lung infection
|
coccidiornycosis
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the heart
|
parasympathetic of the vagus
|
|
|
which lip of linea aspira ends as gluteal tuberosity
|
lateral lip
|
|
|
hyperglycemia is increased by what drug
|
glucocorticoids and NOT caused by insulin
|
|
|
what DOES occur in Krebs cycle (generation of energy)
|
net gain of OAA
|
|
|
hard contraction of muscle resulting from sustained stimulus
|
tetanus
|
|
|
where is the dopamine concentrated
|
substenia nigra
|
|
|
causes of essential HTN
|
unknown
|
|
|
type of collagen in bone
|
type 1
|
|
|
which cell has fastest in A.P.
|
nerve cell
|
|
|
what is affected by poliomyelitis
|
caused by polio virus fecal
oral LMN destruction, desctruction of cells in anterior horn of spinal cord |
|
|
what Tx for asthma
|
thephyline/cromolyn/steroids/ albutfrol
|
|
|
what is true of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
presynaptic release of Ach
|
|
|
which drug would you give for an infection that is methicilling resistant
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
which NSAID is least GI toxic
|
salsalate
|
|
|
what represents AV delay
|
PR segment
|
|
|
what represents purkinje
|
ST segment
|
|
|
CN III muscle innervation
|
levator palpebrae, inferior, superior, medial rectus, inferior oblique, pupillary sphincter, ciliary m.
|
|
|
what is lateral inside the femoral sheath
|
artery nerve root in sheath
|
|
|
muscles innervated by femoral n.
|
anterior thigh
|
|
|
what is found under the nail plate
|
nail bed
|
|
|
what connects epthelial cells together
|
desnonomes
|
|
|
what ist he 4th ventricle associated with
|
foramen of megendie
|
|
|
calcium binds to which molecules to produce muscle contraction
|
troponim- skeletal m (not in smooth) calmodulin-smooth m
|
|
|
insulin will enhance
|
glycolysis, lipogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway
|
|
|
what represents AV delay
|
PR segment
|
|
|
what represents purkinje
|
ST segment
|
|
|
CN III muscle innervation
|
levator palpebrae, inferior, superior, medial rectus, inferior oblique, pupillary sphincter, ciliary m.
|
|
|
what is lateral inside the femoral sheath
|
artery nerve root in sheath
|
|
|
muscles innervated by femoral n.
|
anterior thigh
|
|
|
what is found under the nail plate
|
nail bed
|
|
|
what connects epthelial cells together
|
desnonomes
|
|
|
what ist he 4th ventricle associated with
|
foramen of megendie
|
|
|
calcium binds to which molecules to produce muscle contraction
|
troponim- skeletal m (not in smooth) calmodulin-smooth m
|
|
|
insulin will enhance
|
glycolysis, lipogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway
|
|
|
what are tyrosine derivatives
|
throxine, dopamine, epi, melanin (not creatine)
|
|
|
HDL's can be best described as
|
scavengers of cholestrol from the peripheral tissue (to liver)
|
|
|
after an MI what is elevated
|
TROPONIN (8H)
-CK-MB (1ST 24HR ) LDH1 (2-7 DAYS |
|
|
what degrades blood clots
|
plasmin
|
|
|
fats are stored in
|
TG
|
|
|
which carb has alpha 2-4 and alpha 1-6 bonds
|
glycogen
|
|
|
vitamin d deficiency can cause
|
rickets in children (bending bones) osteomalacia in adults (soft bones) and hypocalcemic tetany
|
|
|
knee reflex
|
l2
|
|
|
ankle reflex
|
s1-2
|
|
|
pathology in ehlers-danlos syndrome
|
faulty collagen synthesis causing: hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed, hypermobile joints 10 types
|
|
|
what muscle medially rotates the tibia
|
popliteus
|
|
|
which Ig fixes complement
|
IgG-crosses placenta
IgM-doesnt cross placenta |
|
|
describe the pathology in goodpastures syndrome
|
pulmonary hemorrage, renal lesions, hemoptysis, hemanuria, anemian, proliferative glomerulonephritis. anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies produce linear staining on imminofluorescence
** there are 2 good pastures for this ds; glomerulus and pulmonary. also a type II hypersensitivity RXN. Most common in men 20-40 |
|
|
function of shwann celis
|
myelinate PNS axons, a single schwann cell myelinates only one PNS axon
|
|
|
function of oligodendroglia
|
myelinate multiple CNS axons. In Nissle stains, they appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm
**predominant type of glial cell in white matter |
|
|
cause of herniballismus
|
sudden, wild flailing of one arm
*contralateral subthalmic nucleus lesion |
|
|
what are the mastication muscles
|
medial pterygold
masseter temporalis |
|
|
only syndesmosis in LE
|
distal tibio-fibular joint (inferior)
|
|
|
what are neural crest derivattives
|
ANS, DRG, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia, celiac ganglion, schwann cells, odontoblast, parafollicular cells of thryoid
|
|
|
notochord rommant?
|
nucleus pulposus- jellylike sub, remment of motocord in spinal disc
|
|
|
what happens in spinal cord hemisection
|
brown-sequard syndrome-inislateral motor paralysis and spasticity (pyramical tract) ipsilateral loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception sense (dorsal column).
*contralateral pain and temp loss (spinothalmic tract) ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion |
|
|
describe hyperthryoidism
|
heat intolerance, hyperactivity, weight loss, chest pain/palpatations, arrythmias, diarrhea, increase reflexes, warm, dry skin, and fine hair.
*DECREASE TSH (if primary) increase total T4 and free T4 increase T3 update |
|
|
describe hypothryoidism
|
COLD INTOLERANCE,
hypoactivity, weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, decrease appetite constipation, decrease reflexes, myxedema (facial/periornital) dry cool skin and coarse brittle hair. INCREASE TSH, decrease total T4, decrease T4 and decrease T3 uptake |
|
|
what does the Twave represent
|
ventricular repolarization
|
|
|
name the branches off the dorsalis pedis
|
later and medial tarsal ateries
muscular branches arcuate a. 1st dorsal metatarsal a. deep plantar a. (1st proximal perforating |
|
|
ossification of phalanges
|
primary secondary fusion
distal 9-12 wk 2-8yrs 18 proximal 11-15wk 2-8 18 middle >15 2-8 18 |
|
|
which of the following bones has 2 centers of ossification
|
calcaneus 3 months/ 6-8yrs 14-17 fusionwhat t
|
|
|
what tract carries pain and temp
|
spinothalamic tract
|
|
|
what inserts in medial proximal phalanx of 2nd toe
|
1st lubricale (MDN) AND 1st dorsal interosseus (MPA)
|
|
|
what glycoslates proteins
|
golgi apparatus
|
|
|
where does the long plantar ligament
|
peroneal ridge of cuboid
|
|
|
what NZ responsible for the rate limiting step in glycolysis
|
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
|
|
|
what muscle has an origin on lateral fibula
|
peroneus brevis/ longus/ quartus
|
|
|
in TCA cycle, acetyl CoA reacts with what
|
OAA
|
|
|
what drives the AP in neuronal cells
|
NA+ uptake
|
|
|
hepatitis a (picorna
|
no chronic carrier state (fecal oral
*picornaviridae |
|
|
hepatitis b (hepadna)
|
hepadnaviridae (STD) acute and chronic states
|
|
|
hepatitis c (flavi)
|
non a and b flaviviridae, acute and chronic state. most common cause of transfusional hepatitis
|
|
|
hepatitis d (hepadna)
|
hepadnaviridae. requires obligulatory helper function of hep b virus bc there is no outer protein coat
|
|
|
hepatitis e (calci) now hepeviridae
|
calicviridae. fecal oral route water born
|
|
|
where the does the fhb originate from
|
medial part of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone and adjacent portion of lateral cuneiform. as well as portions of the tendon of fibialis posterior
|
|
|
nerve supply to the dorsal lateral aspect of foot
|
sural n
|
|
|
what nerve does the medial calcaneal n. branch form
|
tiabel n (pt nerve)
*supplies post comp |
|
|
what artery penetrates the adductor magnus to supply the lower end of the posterior muscles of the thigh
|
perforating branches off profunda femoris
|
|
|
nerve supply to 5th digit
|
S1
|
|
|
NERVE SUPPLY TO the 2nd digit web space
|
medial dorsal cutaneous n.
(BLT).. Borrelia Leptospira Treponema |
|
|
what produces cauliflower lesions
|
bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
what the rickettsial disease and vectors
|
rocky mountain spotted fever- ricketsia rickettsii
endemic typhus- r typhi epidemic typhus= r prowazekii q fever- coxiella burnetti (only airborne one QFEVER DIFFERENT) |
|
|
is typhoid fever rickettsial
|
no typhus
|
|
|
where does the perforating peroneal anastamose
|
lateral tarsal a distal apperature of interosseous mem.
|
|
|
whooping cough
|
bordstella perussis
|
|
|
pressure, 2 point tactile discrimination from the legs go up to which spinal tract
|
fasiculus gracilis LMN
|
|
|
actin and myosin together in which band
|
A Band
|
|
|
what form of IgG doesnt bind complement
|
IgG4
|
|
|
What is the embyrological order of appearance of the following structures
|
Lower limb buds
lumbrosacral plexus chrondro ossification |
|
|
what muscle does not go to the 5th digit
|
EDB
|
|
|
where do posterior thigh muscles originater from
|
ischial tuberosity
|
|
|
which vitamin is an antioxidant
|
Vit E
|
|
|
What dss in young man with thrombosis (smoker)
|
buergers (inflam of arteries)
|
|
|
gout involves
|
purines
|
|
|
what dss has anitbodies to double stranded DNA
|
SLE
|
|
|
a patient with Kaposi and lung problems
|
PCP
|
|
|
what dss causes pleural mesotnelioma
|
asbestosis
|
|
|
what do you give to a pt with mutliple resistant(gram+)
|
vancomyicn
|
|
|
tx of candida
|
nystatin, fluconanzole
|
|
|
if you have an OD of atropine what would happen
|
blurred vision/mydriasis
|
|
|
a pt come to ER with anaphylaxis what do you give
|
epinephirne
|
|
|
how do inhaled anesthetics work
|
inversely prop to the solubility in bkood
|
|
|
contraindications for Ca++ channel blockers
|
CHF
|
|
|
what drug causes hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia and hypokalemia
|
hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
|
|
|
What drug catalyzes the activation of antithrombrin III and does not cross placenta
|
heparin
|
|
|
what bug most has antigenic drifts
|
influenza
|
|
|
what has pseudohyphase
|
candida
|
|
|
increase urinary flow by
|
dilating afferent arterioles
|
|
|
how many lymph nodes in foot
|
0
|
|
|
what the most median tendon passing the ankle joint
|
tibialis anterior then EHL
|
|
|
a lesion of what nerve in leg cause loss of dorsiflexion
|
common peroneal/deep peroneal n.
|
|
|
which dss may present with reed sternberg cells, fever, painless lympphadenopathy
|
hodgkins dss
|
|
|
what anitbotic would you use for a diabetic ulcer under the 3rd met that is infected with gram(+) cocci and anaerobes
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
the major difference between skeletal and smooth m.
|
composition of contractile filaments (troponin vs calmaddin)
|
|
|
the systemic fungus that mainly affects the lungs
|
cocciodiomycosis
|
|
|
in which subcutaneous fungal dss do you see asteroid bodies
|
sporotrichosis- is it a trick, you see osterosis
|
|
|
what is the virulence factor for TB
|
cord factor
|
|
|
what muscle originates on ischial spine
|
sperior gernellus
|
|
|
what isa sign of a basal ganglia defect
|
resting tremor- park dss
|
|
|
regarding the surface features of the tibia
|
the nutrient foramen is on the posterior surface
|
|
|
MOA acyclovir
|
preferential inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase-metabolic analog of nuclei acid synthesis
|
|
|
the peroneal a. is in what compartment
|
deep posterior
|
|
|
what anticancer drug causes dehydration
|
vinchristine...( chirsitne drank all her H20)
|
|
|
in which bone is the linea aspira
|
femur
|
|
|
foot with ulcer has fruity odor gram(-) pseudomonas what drug do you give
|
3rd generation cephalosporin
|
|
|
gram (-) cocol
|
neisseria
|
|
|
which of the diuretics can cause increase k+
|
spironolactone
|
|
|
which hormona interferes with NA- movement in the distal tubeles
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
most common cause of esophageal inflammation
|
gastric reflux
|
|
|
which nerve passes in front of the ear and goes through the parotid gland
|
CN VII
|
|
|
which drug is used for wide angle glaucoma
|
pilocarpine
|
|
|
if you give a beta agonist it has asympathominectic effect will NOT occur
|
increase salivary secretions
|
|
|
which ligament has a y shape
|
iliofemoral ligament
|
|
|
if there was a sudden increase in venous pressure what would be the direct effect
|
increase preload
|
|
|
if there is a lesion in the optic chiasm the result would be
|
bitemporal hemianopia
|
|
|
pre-cingulate gyrus and cotricospinal tract are involved in what
|
voluntary motor function
|
|
|
which CN responsible for taste in anterior 2/3 of togue
|
CN VII- facial
|
|
|
where is peptic ulcer located most often
|
proximal duodenum
|
|
|
when doing a KOH fungal prep scraping what are you looking for
|
hypae, budding, spores
|
|
|
what is the function of KOH fungal prep
|
to dissolve the tissue in the scraping
|
|
|
the vertebral a. is branch of
|
subclavian a.
|
|
|
what tract carries 2 point tactile sensation
|
dorsal column
|
|
|
in which part of the cerebral cortex is the motor area
|
precentral gyrus
|
|
|
the most serious type of glomerulonephritis in SLE
|
diffuse (SLE does not cause nodular ?
|
|
|
sensory to innervation to lateral heel
|
sural n.
|
|
|
lisfranes ligament
|
medial cumieform 1st and 2nd met
|
|
|
how do you kill endospores
|
autoclave
|
|
|
what cause bilateral ankle edema
|
CHF
|
|
|
what virus cause plantar verruca
|
papovavirus
|
|
|
MOA cromolyn sodium
|
inhibits mast cell degranulation
|
|
|
what anticancer drug nephrotoxic
|
cisplatim
|
|
|
is everything stayed the same what would decrease BP
|
decrease blood vicosity
|
|
|
epinephirine does all the following except
|
increase brochiole secretion
|
|
|
proximal origin of spring ligament
|
calcaneus
|
|
|
EBV associated with
|
infectious monoucleosis
|
|
|
patient walks in taking captropril, thiazides, digoxin, theophylline, and allapurinol the pat is not being treated for
|
asthma, chf, cardiac arrythrnis, gout..........
cardiac arrythrnis is not one |
|
|
pt presents with eye, skin rash, periorbital edema and muscle weakness in the shoulder, pelvic girdle what is pathology
|
demratomyoitis
|
|
|
nissil bodies contains of
|
RER
|
|
|
Peptide synthesis of protein takes place where
|
RER
|
|
|
QRS complex is
|
ventricular depolarization
|
|
|
normocyne, normochromic anemis one not include
|
iron deficiency
|
|
|
what happends in 2nd degree heart block
|
type 1 (wenchkebach) shows a progressive prolongation of PR interval until a P wave is blocked and not followed by a QRS complex (dropped beat)
Type 2 (mobitz) shows sporadic or episodic dropped QRS complex |
|
|
autosomal recessive defect effecting electrolytes
|
cystic fibrosis
|
|
|
what is a common insertion of deltoid and spring ligament
|
navicular
|
|
|
what shares a tendon sheath with peroneus longus
|
peroneus brevis (prox to peroneal trochlea)
|
|
|
comma shaped facet on talus
|
medial
|
|
|
pt with papule, plaques and white scales
|
psoriasis
|
|
|
phagocytic cells of liver
|
kupffer cell
|
|
|
what is an oral anticoagulant
|
warfarin (coumadin)
|
|
|
what is the problem associated with loop kinectics
|
hypokalemia
|
|
|
mother donates a kidney to her child what type of graft
|
allograft
|
|
|
urease+organism
|
h pylori
|
|
|
causes tardive dyskinesis
|
haldol
|
|
|
gas gangrene
|
clostridium perfringens
|
|
|
nerve to medial compartment of thigh
|
obturator
|
|
|
patella articulate with what bone only
|
femur
|
|
|
medial rotator of pelvis
|
gluteus medius & minimus, tensor fascia lata gracilis, pectineus
|
|
|
1st hear sound
|
closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
(av valves |
|
|
2nd heart sound
|
closure of pulmonary and aortic valves (sl valves)
|
|
|
lateral and medial femoral circumflex
|
deep femoral
|
|
|
rheumatic fever effect which heart valve
|
mitral (micuspid)
|
|
|
distal surface of medial cuneiform is what shape
|
kidney
|
|
|
cytoskeleton made of
|
microtubules
|
|
|
muscle that abducts a toe from the midline of bodya
|
adductor hallucis
|
|
|
muscle wasting cause by all except
|
hyperactivity
|
|
|
what compotent of bacterial cell wall decrease phagocytis
|
capsule
|
|
|
type of collagen in basement membrane
|
IV
|
|
|
DOC for rickettsial infections
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
oral thrush
|
candida
|
|
|
virus with reverse transcriptase, RNA supresses T4 cells
|
HIV
|
|
|
What is used for uncoupling of the actin and myosin complex
|
ATP
|
|
|
Pars nervosa makes
|
ADH
|
|
|
myasthenia gravis is what type of hypersensitivty
|
II
|
|
|
TB is what type of hypersensitivity
|
IV
|
|
|
who is m positive nitrogen balance
|
pregnant woman
|
|
|
thick filament
|
myosin
|
|
|
thin filamen
|
actin
|
|
|
is anterior tibial a obstructed blood goes through what
|
perforating peroneal
|
|
|
which layer is deep plantar arch
|
the plantar arterial arch & deep br of LPN run in b/t layers 3&4
|
|
|
if dorsalis pedis removed what will supply circulation
|
anterior tibial, perforating peroneal
|
|
|
what is the most proximal brach of anterior tibial a.?
|
posterior tibial recurrent
|
|
|
what is characterstics of skeletal m but cardiac m.
|
short AP duration
|
|
|
what gives pergangilonic sympathetic fibers
|
great splanchnic
|
|
|
cardiac glycosides work by all except
|
inhibit sodium in
|
|
|
where b cells mainly produced
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
what muscle opposes the action of 2nd dorsal interossei m.
|
1 dorsal interossei
|
|
|
what artery do most of the dorsal metatarsal arteries brach from
|
arcuate a.
|
|
|
what atery do most of the plantar metatarsal arteries branch from
|
deep plantar arch
|
|
|
what structure not proximal aspect of femur
|
linea aspira
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the dorsal 1st web space
|
deep peroneal n
|
|
|
iliofemoral ligament
|
y shaped, ligament of bigalow, strongest of hip ligament
|
|
|
which muscle is attached to the tibia and fibula in posterior compartment
|
tibialis posterior
|
|
|
which of the following doesnt cross the ankle joint: ehl , edl, peroneus tetrius, edb
|
EDB
|
|
|
which surface of the cuboid doesnt have a smooth articular surface
|
lateral
|
|
|
which of the following is most easily palpated on medial arch
|
navicular tuberosity
|
|
|
prokaryotic cell dont have
|
membrane bound organelles
|
|
|
SLE and sjorgens are what type of hypersensitivity
|
type III
|
|
|
increases gastric motillity
|
neostigmine
|
|
|
oxidasive phosphorylation produces
|
ATP
|
|
|
What is the precursor of catecholamines
|
tyrosine
|
|
|
Paget disease of bone
|
a condition caused by disordered bone remodeling in which excessive bone reabsorption initially results in lytic lesions, to be followed by disorganized and excessive bone formation.
AKA osteitis deformans. unknown etiology, presence of microfilamentous inclusions in para-crystalline array suggest presence of virus . increase alkaline phosphate level correlating to osteoblastic activity. the diagnostic histiologics feature of disease is abnormal arrangement of lamellar bone island of irregular formation jigsaw puzzle/mosaic pattern in bone uncoupling of osteoblatic and ostioclastic activites |
|
|
Treppe
|
*hot-osteoclastic resorptive stage tumor like
*mixed large of osteoclastic +osteoblastic activity larger than normal bone *cold-burnt out stage-little cellalar activty thickened disordered bones |
|
|
tetanus
|
the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation prgress increase in developed force=staircase or treppe phenomenon
|
|
|
organism associated with pseudomembranous colitis
|
clostridium difficile
|
|
|
hiv virus has receptors for which of the following
|
CD4 Thelper
|
|
|
Treppe
|
*hot-osteoclastic resorptive stage tumor like
*mixed large of osteoclastic +osteoblastic activity larger than normal bone *cold-burnt out stage-little cellalar activty thickened disordered bones |
|
|
pellagra is associated with deficiency of what
|
Vit B3 (niacin)
|
|
|
tetanus
|
the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation prgress increase in developed force=staircase or treppe phenomenon
|
|
|
lesch-nyham syndrome is associated with
|
purine salvage problem owning to absence of HGPRTase which converts to hypozxanthine to memophostate IMP and guanine to guanosine memophosate GMP. X linked recessive-increase uric acid production
|
|
|
organism associated with pseudomembranous colitis
|
clostridium difficile
|
|
|
fungi cell wall component
|
rich in ergosterol. peptidomarnans-major antigenic structure of fungi. chitin-long unbranched chains of poly-N-acetylglucosamine glucans-pulymers of glucose. chitin provide cell wall strength
|
|
|
hiv virus has receptors for which of the following
|
CD4 Thelper
|
|
|
staphylococcus species
|
gram+cocci-irregular clusters. non spore forming non motile catlase+gram+spherical cocci- irregular clusters- creamy white-golden yellow on blood agar
|
|
|
staphylococcus epidermis
|
coagulose+catalase+metabolizes mannitol coagulse. ferments glucose doesnt ferment mannitol. white colonies. no hemolysis predisposed by percutaneous placement of foreign bodies
|
|
|
pellagra is associated with deficiency of what
|
Vit B3 (niacin)
|
|
|
staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
coagulase-doesnt glucose/mannitol fermentation. second most common uti phatogen
|
|
|
lesch-nyham syndrome is associated with
|
purine salvage problem owning to absence of HGPRTase which converts to hypozxanthine to memophostate IMP and guanine to guanosine memophosate GMP. X linked recessive-increase uric acid production
|
|
|
fungi cell wall component
|
rich in ergosterol. peptidomarnans-major antigenic structure of fungi. chitin-long unbranched chains of poly-N-acetylglucosamine glucans-pulymers of glucose. chitin provide cell wall strength
|
|
|
staphylococcus species
|
gram+cocci-irregular clusters. non spore forming non motile catlase+gram+spherical cocci- irregular clusters- creamy white-golden yellow on blood agar
|
|
|
staphylococcus epidermis
|
coagulose+catalase+metabolizes mannitol coagulse. ferments glucose doesnt ferment mannitol. white colonies. no hemolysis predisposed by percutaneous placement of foreign bodies
|
|
|
staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
coagulase-doesnt glucose/mannitol fermentation. second most common uti phatogen
|
|
|
strep pyogenes
|
group a strep. beta hemolytic cause : rheumatic fever(progressive as accompanying pharyngitis) may cause valvular damage(mitral) murmur, enlargement and weak heart. must use prophylaxis.
*scalet fever (sclarlitina) *eryslpieas, necrotizing fascitis, acute strep endocarditis |
|
|
strep agalactiae
|
group b -beta hemoluytic
*leading cause of pneunomanias, sepsis, meingitis in first 2 months of life |
|
|
step anginosus
|
group A,C,F,G beta hemolytic. lancet bullet shape generally in pairs
|
|
|
strep pneumonia
|
alpha hemolytic. no lance antigen. Quelling xrns. optichine +
|
|
|
strep viridans
|
alpha hemolytic, optichine, associated with dental work
|
|
|
which is the only strep that is bacitracin sensitive
|
step pyogenes
|
|
|
what causes lyne dss and what is the clinical manifestation of dss
|
cause: borrelia burgdorferi (spinochte) transmitted by bites of ixodes tick.
primary syndrome: erythema chronicum migransreddened macular/papular lesion with central clearing and raised border. *secondary manifestation: stiff neck, facial palsies, peripheral neuropathy. cardiac manifestations myocarditis-AV block teritary manifestations- recurrent anthralgia and arthiritis |
|
|
MOA aldosterone
|
major product of mineralo cotricoids of zona glomerulosa(adrenal cortex). sustains extra cellular fluid volume by conserving Na+.
*secreted in response to a signal from juxtaglumerular celss of kidney *JGc cells-renin-angitensinogen--angiotesin I--II--aldosterone---DCT. (may be responsible for K+ regulation) *stimulus for secretion: decreased blood volume, increase plasma K+ *action on kidneys: increase Na+ reabsorption increase K+ excretion increase H+ secretion in distal tubule |
|
|
MOA ADH
|
AKA arginine vasoperssin (AVP) and secreted from posterior pituaitary. acts to regulate water in blood fluid. synthesized by hypathalmic neurons and regulated by osmoticand volume stimuli acting on the renal cells responsible for reabsorption. ADH increase vascular tone by vasoconstriction. Also a CRF and neurotransmitter with in brain for long term memory. Stimulus for secretion: increase plasma osmolarity, decrease blood volume. Action on kidneys: increase water permeability of principle cells in collecting ducts
|
|
|
What are 4 key places God promises an Offspring?
|
1. To Adam & Eve (Gen 3:15)
2. To Abraham (Gen 12, 13) 3. In Egypt (Exodus) 4. With David (2 Sam 7:12) |
|
|
what is mycosis fungoides
|
primary cutaneous T-helper cell lymphoma
|
|
|
what sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
|
post central sulcus
|
|
|
what muscle doesnt originate from the calcaneus
|
flexor digiti minimi
|
|
|
reserpine
|
anti-hypertensive-depletes NE, DOPA, and serotonin from nerve terminals, sedative, neuron blocker
|
