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82 Cards in this Set
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NF- κB
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transcription factor which induces cytokine prodxn in response to microbial infx
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#immunology #molecules
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NOD2
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[Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain]
intracellular microbial receptor which which triggers NF- κB transcription factor → cyokine prodxn |
#immunology #molecules
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Galactosyl β-1,4 - glucose
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aka Lactose
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#biochemistry #molecules
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thiolase
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enzyme which conjugates 2 acetyl-CaA → acetoacetyl-CoA
the necessary substrate for HMG CoA Synthase in the formation of cholesterol |
#biochemistry #molecules #cardiovascular
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Haptoglobin Levels
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Haptoglobin Binds Free Hemoglobin within Blood Vessels
Complexed Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin is phagocytized by Spenic M∅ ↓ serum haptoglobin levels ≈ intravascular hemolysis normal serum haptoglobin levels rules out intravascular hemolysis (ie extravascular = direct splenic phagocytosis) |
#hematology #diagnostics #molecules
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Differentiating Intravascular from Extravascular Hemolysis
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Haptoglobin Levels
Haptoglobin Binds Free Hemoglobin within Blood Vessels Complexed Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin is phagocytized by Spenic M∅ ↓ serum haptoglobin levels ≈ intravascular hemolysis normal serum haptoglobin levels rules out intravascular hemolysis (ie extravascular = direct splenic phagocytosis) NB: Extravascular includes Splenic Phagocytosis |
#hematology #diagnostics #molecules
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c-myc fnx
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nuclear transcription factor
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#molecules #pathology #neoplasia
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TGFα mutation
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oncogene
astrocytoma, hepatocellular carinoma |
#pathology #neoplasia #molecules
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What is the main mechanism for regulating iron stores?
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Hepatically produced Hepcidin produced by liver binds ferroportin and causes its degradation
[Ferroportin is basolateral iron transporter on gut epithelium. No ferroportin → iron lost in gut shedding] Hepcidin prodxn ↑ w/ high [iron] or inflammation |
#nutrition #biochemistry #molecules
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Hepcidin
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Hepatically produced Hepcidin produced by liver binds ferroportin and causes its degradation
[Ferroportin is basolateral iron transporter on gut epithelium. No ferroportin → iron lost in gut shedding] Hepcidin prodxn ↑ w/ high [iron] or inflammation Main mechanism of iron regulation |
#nutrition #biochemistry #molecules
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Hemosiderin
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aggregation of ferritin micelles
maker of iron accumulation golden yellow brown pigment indicative of chronic iron overload/hemolytic anemia |
#pathology #molecules #diagnostics #hematology
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Pigment found in chronic iron overload
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Hemosiderin
aggregation of ferritin micelles golden yellow brown pigment indicative of chronic iron overload/hemolytic anemia |
#pathology #molecules #diagnostics #hematology
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- lyaseCoA
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HMG CoA Lyase
responsible for ketogenesis from HMG CoA (which itself is produced yby degradation of leucine or synthesis via HMG coA synthase) |
#biochemistry #molecules
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nasal transepithelial potential difference
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a sensitive test for Cystic Fibrosis (more sensitive than Cl- sweat test)
test is positive if difference is more negative CFTR both secretes chloride and inhibits Na+ secretion reduced CFTR fnx → ↓ Cl- secretion ↑ Na+ secretion more negative nasoepithlial surface NB: sweat glands are the only glands where CFTR fnx to resporb Cl- |
#pathology #molecules #diagnostics #geneticdzs
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How is glycogen synthase activated
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Insulin → tyrosine kinase → protein phosphatase-1 →
dephosphyrlates glycogen synthase (activating) also dephosphorylates Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, inactivating and inhibiting gluconeogeneis |
#biochemistry #energymetzm #molecules
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protein phosphatase-1
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Insulin → tyrosine kinase → protein phosphatase-1 →
dephosphyrlates glycogen synthase (activating) also dephosphorylates Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, inactivating and inhibiting gluconeogeneis |
#biochemistry #energymetzm #molecules
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Transporter Defect in Cysteinuria
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Dibasic Cation Transporter
COAL Cystine Ornithine Arginine Lysine |
#pathology #nephrology #nephrolithiasis #molecules
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What is the Nitrogen Source for the Urea Cycle?
How does that molecule originally get its nitrogen? |
Nitrogen Source for Urea Cycle is Aspartate (combines with Citrate to form arginosuccinate)
Oxaloacetate + NH3 = Asparatate The NH3 for that reaction comes from Glutamate via B6 (NB: Glutamate losing NH3 becomes α-ketoglutarate) And how does glutamate get its NH3+ you ask? Substrate specific transaminases like AST and ALT (the two most significant): Alanine → Pyruvate Aspartate → Oxaloacetate |
#biochemistry #energymetzm #molecules
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Most common Amino Acid in Collagen
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Glycine every 3rd position
Strx is always (Gly-X-Y)x333 Proline also essential, but not as frequent |
#biochemistry #molecules
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Signal which gathers Myofibroblasts at wound
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MMP's gather myofibroblasts at wound edges
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#physiology #molecules
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Tocopherol
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Vitamin E
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#nutrition #molecules
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Vitamin E molecule name
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Tocopherol
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#nutrition #molecules
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Ki 67
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protein expressed in S phase
maker for proliferation near 100% in cancers |
#pathology #neoplasia #molecules #diagnostics
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bisphosphoglycerate mutase
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bisphosphoglycerate mutase
present only in RBC's & Placenta alternative glycolytic pathway which produces no ATP BPG mutase: 1,3 BPG → 2,3 BPG Phosphatase: 2,3 BPG → 3 Phosphoglycerate Bypasses one step by Phosphoglycerate kinase which would have produced ATP 2,3 BPG allosterically induces a right shift → O2 dumping [I guess BPG mutase fnx is upregulated by hypoxia] |
#biochemistry #hemoglobin #molecules #energymetzm
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1,3 BPG → 2,3 BPG
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bisphosphoglycerate mutase
present only in RBC's & Placenta alternative glycolytic pathway which produces no ATP BPG mutase: 1,3 BPG → 2,3 BPG Phosphatase: 2,3 BPG → 3 Phosphoglycerate Bypasses one step by Phosphoglycerate kinase which would have produced ATP 2,3 BPG allosterically induces a right shift → O2 dumping |
#biochemistry #hemoglobin #molecules #energymetzm
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2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
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bisphosphoglycerate mutase
present only in RBC's & Placenta alternative glycolytic pathway which produces no ATP BPG mutase: 1,3 BPG → 2,3 BPG Phosphatase: 2,3 BPG → 3 Phosphoglycerate Bypasses one step by Phosphoglycerate kinase which would have produced ATP 2,3 BPG allosterically induces a right shift → O2 dumping |
#biochemistry #hemoglobin #molecules #energymetzm
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Topoisomerase I vs II
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1: single stranded nicks to relieve supercoiling
2: transient doublestranded breaks Topoisomerase II is the target of etoposide and podophyllin etoposide esp useful for testicular cancer and small cell lung cancer |
#molecules #pharmacology #neoplasia
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Dihydropyridine Clalcium Channels
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L type calcium channels goddamn it
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#molecules #physiology #pharmacology
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Naked Viral RNA can be processed by human Ribosomes
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must be single stranded and positive sense
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#microbiology #molecules
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haptoblogin
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a plasma protein which binds free hemoglobin in order to prevent its renal excretion
5d λ of haptoglobin alone 1h λ bound to heme ↓↓↓ in hemolytic anemias |
#molecules #biochemistry
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What biologically active molecules are derived from Tryptophan?
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B6 dpt conversion to Niacin
→ NAD+ and NADP+ BH4 dpt conversion to Serotonin → Melatonin |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What biologically active molecules are derived from Glycine?
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B6 dpt combination with Succinyl CoA to dALA
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#biochemistry #molecules
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What biologically active molecules are derived from Arginine?
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Creatinine
Urea & NO |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What biologically active molecules are derived from Glutamate?
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Glutathione
B6 dpt conversion to GABA |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for DOPA synthesis?
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Tyrosine
BH4 dpt conversion to DOPA |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for Tyrosine synthesis?
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Phenylalanine
BH4 dpt conversion to Tyrsoine Tyrosine may be converted to Thyroxine or DOPA* [DOPA may be converted to dopamine^ or melanin] *also req BH4 ^B6 dpt |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for Niacin synthesis?
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Trytpophan
B6 dpt conversion to Niacin necessary for NAD+ & NADP+ Tryptophan may also undergo BH4 dpt conversion to Serotonin |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for Serotonin synthesis?
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BH4 dpt conversion of Tryptophan
necessary for Melanonin prodxn Tryptophan may also be converted to Niacin (w/ B6) |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for NO synthesis?
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Arginine
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#biochemistry #molecules
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What is precursor molecule to Urea prodxn?
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Arginine
also precursor to NO & Creatinine |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the precursor molecule to Creatinine prodxn?
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Arginine
also precursor to NO & Urea |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for GABA synthesis?
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Glutamate & B6
Glutamate also precursor to Glutathione |
#biochemistry #molecules
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What is the necessary precursor molecule for Glutathione synthesis?
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Glutamate
Glutamate also precursor to GABA (w/ B6) |
#biochemistry #molecules
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FGF gene in embryogenesis
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produced at apical dermal ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developin limb). Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm responsible for lengthening limbs.
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#embryology #molecules
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Wnt-7 gene
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produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developin limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
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#embryology #molecules
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Sonic Hedgehog Gene
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produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. involved in patternining along A-P axis
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#embryology #molecules
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produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. involved in patternining along A-P axis
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Sonic Hedgehog Gene
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#embryology #molecules
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produced at apical ectodermal ridge-- necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
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Wnt-7 gene
ectodermal ridge: (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developin limb |
#embryology #molecules
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produced at apical dermal ectodermal ridge-- stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm responsible for lengthening limbs.
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FGF gene
ectodermal ridge: (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developin limb |
#embryology #molecules
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PABA
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para-aminobenzoic acid
folic precursor in prokaryiotes sulfas are PABA analogues humans lack abilityt o convert PABA to folic acid, thus require folate |
#microbiology
#pharmacology #antibiotics #biochemistry #molecules |
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Neurophysin
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carrier proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin
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#physiology #biochemistry #endocrinology #molecules
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GP Ib-IX
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platelet receptor for vWF
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#biochemistry #hematology #molecules
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Calcitriol
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aka active form of vitamin D
1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol |
#physiology #molecules
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Eythrocyte transketolase
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↑ activity after thiamin infusion diagonistic of thiamin deficiency
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#vitamins #molecules
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Dz: Fabry's Dz
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: Peripheral Acorneuropathy, angiokeratomas, Cardiovascular/Renal Dz Deficiency: alpha galactosidase A Accumulation: Ceramide tihexose Inheritance: XR --NB the only X linked lysosomal storage dz |
#pathology #molecules #geneticdzs
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Dz: Gaucher's Dz
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: HSM, Asepptic necorsis of femur; Gaucher's cells: macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase Accumulation: Glucocerebroside Inheritance: AR (all but Fabry's & Hunters AR) NB: most common Lysosomal stroage Dz |
#pathology #molecules #geneticdzs
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Dz: Neimann-Pick
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM (defining feature vs. Tay-Sach's) Deficiency: sphingomyelinase Accumulation: sphingomyelin Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Mn: Neiman picks his nose with hi-sphinger |
#pathology #molecules #geneticdzs
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Dz: Tay-Sach's
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin, no HSM (defining feature vs. Niemann Pick) Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Dz: Krabbe's Dz
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: Peripehral neuropathy, dvlptl delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells Deficiency: beta galactocebrosidase Accumulation: galactoserebroside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Dz: Hurler's
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: Dvlpt delay, gargolylism, ariway obstrx, corenal clouding, HSM Deficiency: alpha L iduronidase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Dz: Hunter's
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(Lysosomal Storage Dz)
Presentation: aggressive behavior mild dvlpt delay, HSM Deficiency: Iduronidate sulfatase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Ashkenazi Jews
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Dz: Gaucher's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: HSM, Asepptic necorsis of femur; Gaucher's cells: macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase Accumulation: Glucocerebroside Inheritance: AR (all but Fabry's & Hunters AR) NB: most common Lysosomal stroage Dz Dz: Neimann-Pick (Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM (defining feature vs. Tay-Sach's) Deficiency: sphingomyelinase Accumulation: sphingomyelin Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Mn: Neiman picks his nose with hi-sphinger Dz: Tay-Sach's (Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin, no HSM (defining feature vs. Niemann Pick) Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: alpha galactosidase A
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Dz: Fabry's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripheral Acorneuropathy, angiokeratomas, Cardiovascular/Renal Dz Deficiency: alpha galactosidase A Accumulation: Ceramide trihexose Inheritance: XR --NB the only X linked lysosomal storage dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase
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Dz: Gaucher's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: HSM, Asepptic necorsis of femur; Gaucher's cells: macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase Accumulation: Glucocerebroside Inheritance: AR (all but Fabry's & Hunters AR) NB: most common Lysosomal stroage Dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: sphingomyelinase
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Dz: Neimann-Pick
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM (defining feature vs. Tay-Sach's) Deficiency: sphingomyelinase Accumulation: sphingomyelin Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Mn: Neiman picks his nose with hi-sphinger |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A
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Dz: Tay-Sach's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin, no HSM (defining feature vs. Niemann Pick) Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: beta galactocebrosidase
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Dz: Krabbe's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripehral neuropathy, dvlptl delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells Deficiency: beta galactocebrosidase Accumulation: galactoserebroside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: alpha L iduronidase
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Dz: Hurler's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Dvlpt delay, gargolylism, ariway obstrx, corenal clouding, HSM Deficiency: alpha L iduronidase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Deficiency: Iduronidate sulfatase
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Dz: Hunter's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: aggressive behavior mild dvlpt delay, HSM Deficiency: Iduronidate sulfatase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: Ceramide trihexose
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Dz: Fabry's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripheral Acorneuropathy, angiokeratomas, Cardiovascular/Renal Dz Deficiency: alpha galactosidase A Accumulation: Ceramide trihexose Inheritance: XR --NB the only X linked lysosomal storage dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: Glucocerebroside
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Dz: Gaucher's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: HSM, Asepptic necorsis of femur; Gaucher's cells: macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase Accumulation: Glucocerebroside Inheritance: AR (all but Fabry's & Hunters AR) NB: most common Lysosomal stroage Dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: sphingomyelin
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Dz: Neimann-Pick
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM (defining feature vs. Tay-Sach's) Deficiency: sphingomyelinase Accumulation: sphingomyelin Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Mn: Neiman picks his nose with hi-sphinger |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside
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Dz: Tay-Sach's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin, no HSM (defining feature vs. Niemann Pick) Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: galactoserebroside
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Dz: Krabbe's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripehral neuropathy, dvlptl delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells Deficiency: beta galactocebrosidase Accumulation: galactoserebroside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate
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Dz: Hurler's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Dvlpt delay, gargolylism, ariway obstrx, corenal clouding, HSM Deficiency: alpha L iduronidase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hunter's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Dz: Hunter's (Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: aggressive behavior mild dvlpt delay, HSM Deficiency: Iduronidate sulfatase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: Peripheral Acorneuropathy, angiokeratomas, Cardiovascular/Renal Dz
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Dz: Fabry's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripheral Acorneuropathy, angiokeratomas, Cardiovascular/Renal Dz Deficiency: alpha galactosidase A Accumulation: Ceramide trihexose Inheritance: XR --NB the only X linked lysosomal storage dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: HSM, Aseptic necorsis of femur; macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper
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Dz: Gaucher's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: HSM, Asepptic necorsis of femur; Gaucher's cells: macorphages that look like crumpled ts paper Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase Accumulation: Glucocerebroside Inheritance: AR (all but Fabry's & Hunters AR) NB: most common Lysosomal stroage Dz |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM
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Dz: Neimann-Pick
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: progressive neuodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells, HSM (defining feature vs. Tay-Sach's) Deficiency: sphingomyelinase Accumulation: sphingomyelin Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) Mn: Neiman picks his nose with hi-sphinger |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin
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Dz: Tay-Sach's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Prgoressive neurodegeneration, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin, no HSM (defining feature vs. Niemann Pick) Deficiency: Hexosaminidase A Accumulation: GM2 ganglioside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: Peripehral neuropathy, dvlptl delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells
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Dz: Krabbe's Dz
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Peripehral neuropathy, dvlptl delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells Deficiency: beta galactocebrosidase Accumulation: galactoserebroside Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: Dvlpt delay, gargolylism, ariway obstrx, corenal clouding, HSM
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Dz: Hurler's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: Dvlpt delay, gargolylism, ariway obstrx, corenal clouding, HSM Deficiency: alpha L iduronidase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hunter's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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Presentation: aggressive behavior mild dvlpt delay, HSM
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Dz: Hunter's
(Lysosomal Storage Dz) Presentation: aggressive behavior mild dvlpt delay, HSM Deficiency: Iduronidate sulfatase Accumulation: heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate (same as Hurler's) Inheritance: AR (All but Fabry's & Hunters AR) |
#pathology #molecules
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