Blood Vessels And Hemodynamics

Front 1

where is most of the blood in the body

Back 1

systemic veins and venules

Front 2

capillaries are the site of

Back 2

gas and nutrient exchange

Front 3

3 layers of vessels

Back 3

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

Front 4

tunica interna

Back 4

direct contact with blood, comprised of endothelium

Front 5

tunica media

Back 5

smooth muscle, can vasoconstrictor/dilate

Front 6

tunica externa

Back 6

anchors vessels to surrounding tissues

Front 7

elastic arteries

Back 7

pressure reservoirs, store mechanical energy during systole

Front 8

muscle arteries

Back 8

medium sized, distributing arteries, increased amount of smooth muscle in tunica media, maintain vascular tone

Front 9

anastomosis

Back 9

multiple arteries supply same body tissue

Front 10

if a vessel become occluded flow is maintained by

Back 10

collateral circulation

Front 11

arterioles

Back 11

resistance vessels, regulate flow of blood to tissues, have "taps". THICK tunica media, pre capillary sphincter

Front 12

capillaries

Back 12

exchange vessels, have ONLY tunica interna

Front 13

venules

Back 13

thin walled vessels, extremely distensible, blood reservoir, can accumulate large amounts of fluid

Front 14

veins

Back 14

reservoir vessels, thin walls, operate at low pressure, valves keep blood flowing in one direction

Front 15

sinusoids

Back 15

hepatocytes, red bone marrow, large holes so proteins/ RBC can enter blood stream

Front 16

continuous capillaries

Back 16

most capillaries, plasma proteins and RBCs cannot pass, fenestrations allow small substances to pass

Front 17

bulk flow

Back 17

passive process, fluid moves together in same direction, can move faster as a result, goes with pressure gradient

Front 18

starling forces: hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Back 18

between capillaries and tissues, determines how much fluid leaves the arterial end of the capillary and how much is reabsorbed

Front 19

filtration

Back 19

pressure driven movement of fluid from capillaries into ISF

Front 20

reabsorption

Back 20

pressure-driven movement of fluid from ISF back to capillary

Front 21

pressures promoting filtration

Back 21

BHP blood hydrostatic pressure and IFOP interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

Front 22

pressures promoting reabsorption

Back 22

BCOP Blood colloid osmotic pressure, IFHP interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Front 23

if filtration GREATLY exceeds reabsorption

Back 23

edema: excessive filtration/insufficient reabsorption

Front 24

blood flow

Back 24

volume of blood through any tissue at a given moment (mL/min)

Front 25

CO calculation using pressure

Back 25

CO=P/R

Front 26

cardiac output distribution depends on two factors

Back 26

difference in pressure

resistance to blood flow

Front 27

Ohms law

Back 27

BP=flow x resistance

Front 28

blood pressure

Back 28

pressure exerted on the lumen of blood vessels (mmHg)

Front 29

MAP

Back 29

diastolic BP + 1/3(systolic BP-diastolic BP)

Front 30

poiseuilles law

Back 30

R=8nl/pier^4

Front 31

what does the l stand for in P's law

Back 31

length of blood vessel, increases with obesity

Front 32

why does blood viscosity increase

Back 32

increase in RBC, as in polycythemia

Front 33

increased blood vessel length

Back 33

increase body size in obesity

Front 34

decrease in blood vessel radius

Back 34

occurs because of vasoconstriction (increases resistance by ^4)

Front 35

BP equation

Back 35

BP=flow x resistance

Front 36

systemic vascular resistance

Back 36

refers to the vascular resistance of all the blood vessels

Front 37

what is diameter used to do in blood

Back 37

diamete is used to adjust the blood flow to a certain tissue capillary bed = capillaries

Front 38

venous return

Back 38

the volume of blood returning to the heart from the veins

Front 39

VR is equal to what

Back 39

CO

Front 40

what is venous return aided by

Back 40

pressure gradients, venous valves, venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pumps, respiratory muscle pump

Front 41

skeletal muscle pump

Back 41

uses the action of the muscle to 'milk' blood

Front 42

respiratory pump

Back 42

uses -ve pressure of thoracic and abdominal cavities generated during inspiration to pull venous blood towards the heart

Front 43

vagus nerve is part of which NS

Back 43

parasympathetic, decreases HR

Front 44

vasomotor nerves is part of which NS

Back 44

sympathetic, vasoconstriction

Front 45

what happens when BP falls

Back 45

less stretch, less BR signaling, increase in SNA by removing inhibiton

Front 46

what happens when BP increases

Back 46

more stretch, more signaling, decrease SNA

Front 47

hormones which regulate BP

Back 47

1) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

2) epinephrine and norepinephrine

3) antidiuretic hormone

4) atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 48

how does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work

Back 48

stimulate secretion of ADH, vasoconstricts

adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, causes kidneys to release more Na+ and water return to blood and more K+ eliminated in urine, increases BV and blood pressure

Front 49

what does antidiuretic hormone do to the kidneys, sweat gland, arterioles

Back 49

kidneys retain more water (decrease urine output)

sudoiferous glands decrease water loss (sweating)

arterioles constrict, increasing BP

Front 50

autoregulation

Back 50

a tissues ability to automatically adjust blood flow to match metabolic demands of tissue

Front 51

2 mechanisms of autoregulation

Back 51

myogenic and metabolic response

Front 52

mygenic resposne

Back 52

blood flow is less -> vessels are not stretched and they reflexively relax

blood flow is more ->walls of vessel are stretched vessel reflexively constricts

Front 53

metabolic response

Back 53

substances which are released from the tissue itself causes vasodilation/vasoconstriction

Front 54

vasodilating chemicals

Back 54

K+ H+ low oxygen content

Front 55

vasoconstricting chemicals

Back 55

thromboxane. superoxide radicals

Front 56

carina

Back 56

junction between the trachea and the R/L bronchi

Front 57

smallest branch of the lower respiratory system

Back 57

terminal bronchioles

Front 58

what happens to the bronchioles as they further branch

Back 58

mucous membrane gradually disappears, cartilaginous rings gradually disappear

Front 59

SNS control what in the bronchioles

Back 59

dilation

Front 60

PSNS control what in the bronchioles

Back 60

contriction

Front 61

conducting zone

Back 61

brings external air to site of respiration

Front 62

respiratory zone

Back 62

main site of gas exchange

Front 63

respiratory bronchioles

Back 63

give way to alveolar ducts/sacs/alveolar

Front 64

pulmonary lobule

Back 64

functional unit of the respiratory system

-lymphatic vessel

-arteriole

-capillary bed

-venule

-terminal bronchiole

-alveolar sacs

Front 65

how many lobes does the right lung have

Back 65

3 lobes

Front 66

how many lobes does the left lung have

Back 66

2 lobes and a cardiac notch

Front 67

Pleuritis

Back 67

inflammation of the pleural membrane

symptoms: pain

causes: chest trauma etc.

Front 68

type 1 alveolar cells

Back 68

simple squamous epithelial cells, site of gas exchange

Front 69

type 2 alveolar cells

Back 69

secrete surfactant

Front 70

low oxygenation causes what to happen in the pulmonary arterioles

Back 70

vasoconstriction, blood is diverted to parts of the lung which are well ventilated

Front 71

ventilation-perfusion coupling

Back 71

blood flow (perfusion) to each area of the lungs matches the airflow to alveoli in that area

Front 72

external respiration

Back 72

exchange of gases between alveoli of the lungs and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Front 73

internal respiration

Back 73

exchange of gases between blood is systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Front 74

pulmonary ventilation

Back 74

inhalation + exhalation between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs

Front 75

which is the main muscle used in respiration

Back 75

diaphragm

Front 76

exhalation is what kind of process at rest

Back 76

passive

Front 77

inhalation is active because

Back 77

it involves contraction of inspiratory muscles

Front 78

during inhalation air moves into the lungs from a higher ______ to a lower _______ pressure

Back 78

1) atmospheric

2) intrathoracic

Front 79

during exhalation air moves from a higher _______ to a lower ____________ pressure

Back 79

1) intrathoracic

2) atmospheric

Front 80

boyles law

Back 80

the pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

Front 81

2 factors effecting exhalation

Back 81

recoil of elastic fibers- these organs spring back to their normal shape after they have been stretched

Front 82

when is exhalation forceful

Back 82

during exercise/playing an instrument/lung disease

Front 83

how is surface tension maintained

Back 83

surfactant

Front 84

explain elastic recoil

Back 84

lungs are elastic in nature, with help from surface tension of the surfactant, the pressure between the alveoli and the pleural cavity

Front 85

Pheumothorax

Back 85

when the pleural cavity fills with air/blood/pus

may cause lung to collapse

Front 86

3 factors which effect pulmonary ventilation

Back 86

1) surface tension

2) compliance

3) airway resistance

Front 87

surface tension increases as result of what

Back 87

due to not enough surfactant, alveoli collapse

Front 88

respiratory distress syndrome

Back 88

prem babies which cannot produce enough surfactant, can treat with oxygen/CPAP/synthetic surfactant

Front 89

lung compliance

Back 89

the amount of effort needed to stretch the lungs and chest wall, high=easily stretched, low resistant expansion

Front 90

causes for decreased compliance

Back 90

scar tissue, pulmonary edema, impediment of lung expansion

Front 91

causes of increased compliance

Back 91

destruction of the alveolar wall leaving a large air pocket, destruction of elastic fibers

Front 92

Equation to calculate FLOW

Back 92

Flow=(Patm-Palv)/P

Front 93

Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease

Back 93

condition which narrows airways=increases resistance

Front 94

normal breathing frequency

Back 94

12 breaths/min

Front 95

Tidal Volume

Back 95

500mL

Front 96

minute ventilation

Back 96

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute (flow) Vm= breathing frequency x tidal volume

Front 97

what percentage of the TV reaches the respiratory zone

Back 97

70%

Front 98

what is the term for the area where the remaining %

Back 98

anatomical dead zone

Front 99

Alveolar ventilation rate

Back 99

Valv=(TV-ADS) x breathing frequency

Front 100

what is the tool used to measure lung volume

Back 100

spirogram

Front 101

forced vital capacity

Back 101

FVC volume of air which can be blown out after full inspiration

Front 102

Histology of type 1 alveolar

Back 102

simple squamous epithelial cells responsible for gas exchange

Front 103

5 components of the respiratory membrane

Back 103

1) Alveolar wall

2) Epithelial basement membrane

3) interstitial space

4) capillary basement membrane

5) capillary endothelium

Front 104

how thick is the respiratory membrane

Back 104

0.5um thick

Front 105

what % of the air in nitrogen

Back 105

78%

Front 106

what percentage of the air is oxygen

Back 106

21%

Front 107

carbon dioxide

Back 107

0.04%

Front 108

water vapor

Back 108

<1%

Front 109

Dalton's Law

Back 109

each gas in a mixture exerts it's own pressure as if no other gas were present

Front 110

partial pressure

Back 110

pressure exerted by each specific gas in a mixture

Front 111

Partial pressure of gas calculation

Back 111

% of gas in a mixture x total pressure of the mixture

Front 112

atmospheric pressure

Back 112

760mmHg

Front 113

partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere

Back 113

158.8 mmHg

Front 114

partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere

Back 114

0.3mmHg

Front 115

henry's law

Back 115

quantity of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility

Front 116

nitrogen narcosis

Back 116

to much dissolved nitrogen in the blood

Front 117

hyperbaric oxygenation

Back 117

increases ATM to >760mmHg

Front 118

rate of gas exchange depends on 4 things

Back 118

1) partial pressure of gas

2) surface area available for gas exchange

3) molecular weight and solubility of gases

4)molecular weight and solubility of gases

Front 119

partial pressure of gases

Back 119

alveolar PO2 must be higher than blood PO2 for diffusion to occur, harder at altitude

Front 120

surface area available for gas exchange

Back 120

both the number of alveoli available and the number of pulmonary capillaries per alvolus

Front 121

diffusion distance

Back 121

any fluid buildup in the IS of the respiratory membrane increases the distance a gas must travel

Front 122

molecular weight and solubility of gases

Back 122

O2 has a much lower molecular weight so should defuse faster

Front 123

what percentage of blood O2 is dissolved in plasma

Back 123

1.5%

Front 124

what amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in RBCs

Back 124

98.5%

Front 125

fully saturated

Back 125

all heme groups are bound to O2

Front 126

partially saturated

Back 126

less than all heme groups are bound to O2

Front 127

what happens when PO2 is higher

Back 127

more O2 combine with HB

Front 128

20mmHg (O2) results in what percentage of saturation

Back 128

35%

Front 129

40mmHg (O2) results in what percentage of saturation

Back 129

76%

Front 130

100mmHg (O2) results in what percentage of saturation

Back 130

96%

Front 131

factors effecting oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin

Back 131

1)Acidity

2)PO2

3) Temperature

Front 132

acidity- Bohr effect (decreased pH)

Back 132

increased acidity decreased affinity of Hb for O2, curve shifts to the right, enhances unloading

Front 133

PCO2

Back 133

increase in PCO2 reduces the affinity of Hb for O2, shift curve right, enhances unloading

Front 134

temperature

Back 134

as temperature increase more oxygen is released from Hb, during hypothermia more oxygen remains bound

Front 135

ways of transporting carbon dioxide

Back 135

1. dissolved co2

2. carbamino compounds

3. bicarbonate ions

Front 136

smallest role in carbon transport

Back 136

dissolved CO2

Front 137

carbamino compounds

Back 137

23% combines with amino acid

Front 138

bicarbonate ions

Back 138

70% transported in plasma as HCO3-

Front 139

which area inhibits overfilling of the lungs

Back 139

pneumotaxic area

Front 140

normal breathing requires which group

Back 140

dorsal respiratory group

Front 141

when you are breathing forcefully what groups activates

Back 141

ventral group

Front 142

hypercapnia is

Back 142

pco2 >40mmHg

Front 143

hypocapnia is

Back 143

PCO2<40mmHg

Front 144

chemoreceptors are located in the

Back 144

medulla oblongata