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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 5 types of blood vessels |
1.arteries 2.arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins |
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What are the three walls of the arteries |
Tunica interna Tunica meDia Tunica externa |
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Describe the tunica interna |
Innermost layer Touches lumen Made of smooth muscle (elastic lamina), endothelium (endothelial cells), and basal membrane |
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Describe the tunica media |
The middle layer Involved in vasodilation and vasoconstriction Made of elastica lamina and smooth muscle |
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Describe the tunica externa |
Outermost layer Supplies nerves and anchors vessels to tissues Does NOT regulate blood flow |
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Where do arteries transport blood |
From the heart to tissues and organs |
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What are the two groups of arteries? |
Elastic Muscular/distributing |
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Describe elastic arteries (aka conducting arteries) |
Largest Elastic fiber Expand during contraction Recoil during relaxation Pushes blood further away |
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Describe muscular ( aka distributing arteries) |
Medium Branch from elastic arteries Thick tunica media (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) Distribute blood to skeletal muscle and internal organs |
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What are arterioles |
Larger arterioles have all three tunics Very small arteries only have tunica interna (incomplete media) and smooth muscle Regulate blood flow into capillaries (Via resistance) |
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What are capillaries (aka exchange vessels) |
Microscopic blood vessels Connect atrioles to venules Tunica interna ONLY Exchange nutrients etc via interstitial fluid Form capillary beds |
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What are the 3 types of capillaries |
1.continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoids |
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Describe continous capillaries |
Most common Lining only interrupted at clefts Permeable to water and lipid solubles |
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Describe fenestrated (means pore) capillaries |
Pores into endothelial cells Located where active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs |
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Describe sinusoids |
Large pores and clefts Very permeable |
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Where are sinusoids found |
Liver Endocrine Spleen Bone marrow |
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What do kupffer cells do |
Cleans passing blood in liver |
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Describe venules |
Collect blood from capillaries Drain into veins (Same characteristics as atrioles) |
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Describe veins |
Carry blood from tissues to heart Tunica externa is thickest |
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What do venous valves do |
Prevent backflow |
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Where are venous valves found |
In limbs where upward flow of blood is opposed by gravity |
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Why are venous valves necessary |
To prevent back flow of blood due to low blood pressure |
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What are varicose veins |
Twisty veins due to less blood pressure |
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What are hemorrhoids |
Varicose veins in anal canal |
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What are anastosomes |
Union of branches of 2+ blood vessels |
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What is the advantage of anastasomes |
Allows for alternate route for blood in case of blockage |
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Where is the blood reservoir |
Liver spleen and skin |
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Where is the majority of blood located most of the time |
Systemic veins and venules |
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What is capillary exchange |
Movement of substances into and out of capillaries |
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What are the 3 methods of capillary exchange |
Diffusion Transcytosis Bulk flow |
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Describe diffusion |
Most important!! Move down concentration gradient Co2 o2 amino acids and nutrients |
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What is transcytosis |
Endo/exocytosis Used for large lipid soluble substances (insulin/antibodies) |
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What is bulk flow |
Substances that move down pressure gradient!! |
(Filtration and reabsorption) |
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What is filtration |
Flow out of capillaries into interstitial fluid |
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What kind of pressure is needed for filtration out of capillaries |
Blood Hydrostatic pressure pressure |
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What is reabsorption (in capillaries) |
Liquid flow back into the blood from interstitial fluid |
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What kind of pressure is needed for reabsorption (into capillaries) |
Blood Colloid osmotic pressure |
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What happens when reabsorption and filtration work together |
A balance between the volume of blood and interstitial fluid |
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How many liters of fluid are filtered out of the capillaries per day |
20 |
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How many liters of fluid are reabsorbed into the capillaries per day |
17 |
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How many liters of fluid end up in the lymphatic capillaries per day? |
3 |
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What is edema? |
Interstitial fluid build up due to decreased osmotic pressure or increased hydrostatic pressure |
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What is the purpose of net filtration pressure? |
Determines if filtration or reabsorption will occur |
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What is BHP? |
Blood pressure due to heart beat Favors blood leaving the vessels "Filtration" |
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What is BCOP? |
Blood colloid osmotic pressure Water follows solute "Reabsorption" |
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What is IFOP? |
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Tiny pressure pushing fluid out (towards the solute) "Filtration" Counted as 1 |
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What is IFHP? |
Lil fluid pushed into cell Counted as 0 bc its so small "Reabsorption" |
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What is the NFP equation |
Nfp= (BHP+IFOP)-BCOP) BCOP = 26 IFOP = 1 |
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What does a positive NHP mean? |
Filtration Out |
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What does a negative NHP mean? |
Reabsorption In (to capillaries) |
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Define blood flow |
The volume of blood that flows thru any tissue in any given period of time |
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What is hemodynamics? |
Factors affecting blood flow |
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Define blood pressure |
Force exerted by blood against vascular walls |
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What are the two factors that affect blood flow |
Pressure difference Resistance |
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What unit is blood pressure measure in? |
mmHg |
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What happens to blood pressure as it gets further from the heart |
It decreases |
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What is systolic blood pressure |
Highest pressure in the arteries Happens during contraction |
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What is diastolic blood pressure |
Lowest blood pressure in arteries During relaxation |
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What blood pressure maintains flow |
35 mmHg |
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What is MAP (mean arterial pressure) |
The average pressure in the arteries |
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What is the blood pressure as it reaches the right atrium? |
0 mmHG |
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What does blood pressure depend on? |
Cardiac output and total blood volume |
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What is resistance? |
Opposition to flow |
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What is vascular resistance |
The opposite of blood flow |
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What are the 3 factors blood resistance depends on? |
Size of lumen (biggest effect) Blood viscosity Total length of blood vessel |
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What has the biggest effect on blood resistance? |
Size of lumen Bigger lumen = less resistance |
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What is venous return? |
The volume of blood going back to the heart thru systemic veins |
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What factors aid in venous return |
Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump |
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Describe the skeletal muscle pump |
When leg muscle compress veins to push blood up against gravity Involves venous valves |
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Describe the respiratory pump |
During inhalation the diaphragm moves down and puts pressure on the abs which push blood up |
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What are the 4 major categories that ensure proper tissue perfusion |
Cardiovascular center Nueral control Hormonal control Autoregulation |
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Describe the cardiovascular center |
Found in medulla Controls heart rate, blood pressure, the resting level of systemic vascular resistance |
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What are the 3 receptors that the cardiovascular center receives info from |
Propioceptors Baroreceptoes Chemoreceptors |
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What are propiocepters |
Sense balance and space and movement |
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What are baroreceptors |
Pressure sensors |
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What are chemoreceptors |
Chemical receptors |
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What parts of the ANS are involved in the cardiovascular center |
Both! Parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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What does increased blood pressure do |
Vasodilation |
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What does decreased blood pressure mean |
Vasoconstriction |
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What are the 4 hormonal controls |
RAA epi/norepi ADH ANP |
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What does RAA do |
Appears when BP levels are low causes vasoconstriction (Works similar to ADH) |
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What does epi/norepi do? |
Allows for fight or flight responses to occur |
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What does ADH do |
Causes vasoconstriction due to decreased blood pressure in order to keep more fluid to increase blood volume |
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What does anp do |
Release from the pituitary and mjamnies |
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What is autoregulation |
The ability of tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow thru local dilation or constriction |
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Joshus What are the 2 stimuli that affect autoregulation |
Physical changes (warm=dilation cold=constriction) Presence of dilation chemicals |
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What is a pulse |
Expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each constriction of the left ventricle |
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What is shock |
Lack of oxygen or nutrients to tissues, reduced blood flow |
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What r the 4 types of shock |
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Obstructive Vascular |
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What is hypovolemic shock |
Shock due to low blood volume |
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What is cardiogenic shock |
Shock due to heart not working good |
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What is obstructice shock |
When the is a blockage in blood vessel |
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What is vascular shock |
Shock when too many vessels are open and blood is trying to go to too many places |
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What is the homeostatic response to shock |
RAA activation ADH secretion Activation of sympathetic division Local vasodilator released |
Negative feedback systems |
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What are signs/symptoms of shock |
Low BP Increased heart rate, thirst, craziness, metabolism Weak pulse, low pH, cool clammy skin, |
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What is the function of endothelial cells in the tunica interna? |
They prevent friction to allow efficient blood flow (And chemical release & permeability) |
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Where is the basal membrane located |
Deepest layer of tunica interna |
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What is the basal membrane for? |
Support and elasticity and aid in molecular movement |
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What does elastic lamina do |
Facilitates diffusion thru tunica interna to the tunica media |
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What are the largest arteries in the body? |
Elastic arteries |
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What is "vascular tone"? |
Stiffens the vessel walls and is important in maintaing vessel pressure and efficient flow |
Found in muscular arteries |
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Define collateral circulation |
The alternative route of blood flow to a body part thru anastomosis |
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What are end arteries? |
Arteries that do not have anastosomes |
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What happens if there is an obstruction at end arteries |
Necrosis (death) of that segment |
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What does a precapillary sphincter do? |
Monitors blood flow into capillary from arteriole |
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What is vasomotion |
The contraction/relaxation in capillaries due to chemicals released from endothelial cells |
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